The Cold War And The Cuban Missile Crisis - 2976 Words

â€Å"Well I was lying there unconscious feeling kind of exempt. When the judge said that silence was a sign of contempt. He took out his gavel, banged me hard on the head. He fined me ten years in prison, and a whole lot of bread. It was the red, white and blue making war on the poor. Blind mother justice, on a pile of manure. Say your prayers and the Pledge of Allegiance every night. And tomorrow, you ll be feeling all right† (Song Lyrics by Mimi and Richard Farià ±a). Most know of and have studied the Cold War: lasting almost fifty years leaving most American citizens living in complete fear of nuclear annihilation at any moment in time. Many can even name important events in the Cold War, such as ‘The Berlin Wall Collapsing’ or ‘The Cuban Missile Crisis’, however there is one major part of the Cold War that most tend to forget and glance over: McCarthyism, or the Red Scare. Senator Joseph McCarthy stressed an importance on ending communism in Ame rica, and during the 1950s, many accused to be affiliated with communists were sent to court and sometimes to prison when, in fact, most were innocent. Those blamed were kept under close watch by the American government and were often called before the House Un-American Activities Committee. The House Un-American Activities Committee was compiled to try those accused of being communist and held thousands of cases such as the infamous Hiss case. As hysteria spread throughout America in a frantic search for communists, more and moreShow MoreRelatedThe Cuban Missile Crisis : The Cold War1081 Words   |  5 PagesIRBM missiles to Cuba) turned away from its intended destination, which marked the end of the sinister Cuban Missile Crisis (â€Å"Bos†, pgh. 2). The Cold War was a perpetual state of political animosity entailing the employment of propaganda, ultimatums, and other nonviolent means, which existed between the two universal superpowers (the United States of America and th e Union of Soviet Socialist Republics [U.S.S.R.]) that had recently emerged at the closing of World War II. Albeit the Cold War is chronicledRead MoreThe Cuban Missile Crisis : The Cold War1323 Words   |  6 PagesWars have been going on since the beginning of time, whether it is fighting for your religions, fighting for land, and fighting for your rights and freedoms. Some wars cause dramatic amounts of deaths, but the Cold War resulted in none. The reason there were no deaths is due to the fact that the Cold War was just that, cold. The conflicts never heated up enough per say to cause a real war. Though the Cold war itself wasn’t a war fought in battle, there were parts caused by it such as the Korean WarRead MoreThe Cuban Missile Crisis : The Cold War1472 Words   |  6 Pages. The Cuban missile crisis was one event that helped ignite the Cold War. It was a thirteen day confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union over Soviet airborne missiles deployed in Cuba. It was the closest the Cold War came to escalating into a full blown nuclear war. It was an intense, 13-day political and military standoff in October 1962 over the installation of nuclear-armed Soviet missiles on Cuba, just 90 miles from US. The Cuban Missile Crisis was really about the locationRead MoreThe Cold War : Cuban Missile Crisis2377 Words   |  10 PagesMr. DuBois World Studies 19 June 2015 The Cold War: Cuban Missile Crisis Nuclear catastrophe was hanging by a thread ... and we weren t counting days or hours, but minutes. Soviet General and Army Chief of Operations, Anatoly Gribkov The closest the World has ever been to nuclear war was with The Cuban Missile Crisis. The lives of millions lay in the ability of President John F. Kennedy and Premier Nikita Khrushchev to reach an agreement. The crisis began when the United States discovered thatRead MoreThe Cuban Missile Crisis During The Cold War1378 Words   |  6 PagesThe Cuban Missile Crisis occurred in 1963 in a setting that was the high point of tension in the Cold War. The most significant background cause of the Cuban Missile Crisis was the underlying cold war ideology of capitalism vs communism. This was dramatically increased by the second key cause, a series of events that quickly built tensions between the super powers from 1959 such as the U2 incident, JFK’s response to the Berlin Wall, and the Bay of Pigs incident. The third cause was the relationshipRead MoreCuban Missile Crisis : Nature Of The Cold War1092 Words   |  5 PagesCOLD WAR ASSIGNMENT (Cuban missile crisis) Nature of the Cold war The cold war was a clash between two superpowers with competing ideologies, or sets of ideas. Although they had been allies against the common enemies of Germany and japan during World War 2, both sides distrusted each other. After the war this distrust evolved into a long term hostility. This era was called the ‘Cold war’ because the two superpowers never directly assaulted each other. This war was very political as it was foughtRead MoreThe Cuban Missile Crisis During The Cold War1612 Words   |  7 Pageswere involved in the Cold War. When Cuba accepted communism, the United States tried to drive out Cuba’s leader, Castro, during the Bay of Pigs, but it failed (Kauffman). The U.S. were concerned even more when they discovered Soviet Missiles in Cuba. Kennedy had established a quarantine to try and stop weapons coming to Cuba, but it was still a mystery when it came to what Kennedy’s response would be. Many Americans were in favor of using military actio n to remove the missiles, while critics of militaryRead MoreThe Cuban Missile Crisis Was A Key Part Of The Cold War2751 Words   |  12 PagesThe Cuban Missile Crisis was a key part of the Cold War, and one which major scholars and historians see as the closest the world has come to thermonuclear war. This has made it one of the most documented events of the Cold War, with journal entries, books and films being made about the defining thirteen day period, each giving a unique perspective and overview of the crisis. The fact that both the United States and the Soviet Union managed to avoid the use of nuclear weapons is seen by many as aRead MoreThe Cuban Missile Crisis Was A Big Event During The Cold War897 Words   |  4 PagesThe Cuban missile crisis was a big event during the â€Å"Cold War† that almost brought the world into a nuclear catastrophe. In this event the Soviet Union deployed around 100 tactical nuclear weapons to Cuba aiming to land in U.S. territory. The pos sibilities of a nuclear war was predicted by the president of the United States John F. Kennedy to be around a 33% chances of actually happening. The local Soviet commander in Cuba could have launched these weapons that were sent without additional codesRead MoreThe Cuban Missile Crisis Was A Harsh Time During The Cold War1602 Words   |  7 PagesThe Cuban Missile Crisis was a harsh time during the Cold War. About 50 years ago the USA and the USSR were at each others throat for a very pointless reason. This basically started because USSR planted nuclear bombs in Cuba which was pretty close to Florida. John F. Kennedy was the president at this time and he was not to fond of that idea. October 1962, JFK was warned that the USSR had the nuclear weapons set up in Cuba ready to attack and as a result of this situation, Kennedy then also placed

Medical Marijuana Should Be Legalized in All States Essay

â€Å"According to the United Nations, 158.8 million people around the world use marijuana—more than 3.8% of the planet’s population† (Drugfreeworld.org, 2014). Marijuana is one of the most widely used illicit drugs in the world (Sewell). It has received a plethora of criticism in the past and its negative reputation has carried on throughout history, making the legalization of marijuana one of the most controversial topics today. Marijuana does not deserve the reputation it receives, and in actuality it serves many medicinal purposes for the human body. Marijuana should be legalized in all 50 states for medical use. Marijuana, more botanically referred to as â€Å"Cannabis sativa† or â€Å"Hemp,† is a multiuse plant valued for its tough hemp fibers†¦show more content†¦Many studies have shown that marijuana can be an effective treatment for pain, nausea, multiple sclerosis, vomiting associated with chemotherapy, and extensive weight loss a ssociated with AIDS. It can be used by itself as a treatment or it can aid in decreasing the side effects of the specified treatment (Clark). A widely known use of marijuana is to improve decreased appetite that is a result of some cancer treatments. (I.e. chemo or radiation). In 1996 the organization WAMM, â€Å"Wo/Men’s Alliance for Medical Marijuana† was founded. The members are low income patients with life-threatening illnesses. This group knew the benefits that marijuana had and wanted to fight for their right to make it available to them. The members grew their own marijuana, and despite ongoing threats from the federal government, WAMM eventually secured a â€Å"federal injunction† that protected the group from further interference. For a year WAMM had the only fully legal marijuana garden (Chapkis). The acts performed by this group prove that there is a use for marijuana and people will go to great lengths to get what they need to help them during their healing processes. According to Judge Francis L. Young, DEA Administrative Law Judge, evidence shows that marijuana is capable of safely relieving the distress of people with illnesses and it would be unreasonable, arbitrary and capricious for DEA to continue to stand between those who suffer and the benefits of this substanceShow MoreRelatedEssay on Legalizing Medical Marijuana1254 Words   |  6 PagesShould medical marijuana be legal across the United States? Imagine a world where individuals who have chronic pain did not have to suffer anymore. Envision a cure for cancer, a disease many Americans are killed by daily. Picture people with severe, violent mood disorders being treated. Most people think the answers to these problems are simple and could be solved by over medicating patients. Today, there are twenty states in America who have legalized medical marijuana for specific health and medicalRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1456 Words   |  6 Pagesuse of marijuan a is illegal in over half of the United States, but it is still the third most popular recreational drug in the United States. The debate for this drug to be legal has been going on for many years; some states have legalized the drug for medical use, and some for recreational use as well. Other states seem to disagree; they are not in favor of making the drug legal for medical use or recreational use. It has been proven that marijuana has a positive impact on society. Marijuana shouldRead MoreThe Legalization of Marijuana Essay1083 Words   |  5 Pagesbeen debating among themselves whether or not marijuana should be legalized in America. Marijuana is a drug that can be smoked or eaten. It is grown from the ground and gives the user a sense of a hallucinogenic high. It goes by many names such as Mary Jane, kush, grass, weed, pot, green, cannabis, hemp, or chronic. Some say that marijuana is not as bad as alcohol. Some say that marijuana is safe. Some hippies say that marijuana is natural and should be spread throughout the world. It is debatedRead MoreMedical Marijuana Should Be Legal742 Words   |  3 PagesMedical marijuana has been legalized in twenty-five of the fifty states. Marijuana can be used to treat up to twenty different diseases including mental and physical illnesses. (Procon.org. N.p.). Marijuana should be legalized for medical use in all fifty states. Marijuana is a natural help that can treat symptoms of cancer and radiation, aids in pain relief, and helps control seizure disorders. Marijuana could have been a natural help to relieve the pain and nausea my grandfather went through duringRead MoreHow Can Legalize Marijuana Help The United States Economically And Medically?1033 Words   |  5 Pagescan legalizing marijuana help the United States econ omically and medically? The United States has, in some states, legalized the use of marijuana. Studies done have shown that it helps the state economies grow, and has given the states millions of dollars in tax revenue. So imagine the money that would be saved if marijuana were legalized in the whole country. The United States would benefit from a stronger economy, increased jobs, reduced prison costs, lower medicinal marijuana prices, and theRead MoreMarijuana Decriminalization and Legalization636 Words   |  3 PagesThe validity of marijuana decriminalization (and even legalization) is illustrated in the following analysis of the social, fiscal, political, and medical attributes and conceptions associated with the drug. Marijuana has been used for thousands of years, in 2008; archeologists discovered over two pounds of cannabis in a 2,700-year-old grave of a shaman found in Central Asia. (Armentano, 1) Should marijuana be legalized or at least decriminalized in America? The following information may give theRead MoreCannabis And Its Effects On The Mouth Becoming Very Dry Essay1598 Words   |  7 PagesAnother side effect includes the mouth becoming very dry. The skin can also have a sensation of heat or cold or maybe even both it all depends on the bud. Cannabis increases your heart rate an extraordinary amount, which can be a major issue for people who have heart problems.(Marijuana: Medline) In some cases, one’s heart beat so fast it exploded. But if one is looking for a comeback to that bad side effect, the cannabis plant can be good. Cannabis can also help with aches and sores. In fact,Read MoreThe Battle Of Legalizing Marijuana1289 Words   |  6 Pages4/20/17 The Battle to Legalize Marijuana in the United States The United States is splitting up into two sides with the date of 4/20 coming closer with one wanting the legalization of the plant substance and the other opposing it. According to the United Nations, 158.8 million people around the world use marijuana—more than 3.8% of the planet’s population. Marijuana was legalized on the 20th of April in Colorado in 2014. It has been legalized in various other states such as: Alaska, California, ColoradoRead MoreA Brief Side Effect Of Marijuana Essay1555 Words   |  7 PagesAnother side effect includes, according to webmd.com, the mouth becoming very dry. The skin can also have a sensation of heat or cold or maybe even both it all depends on the bud. Cannabis increases your heart rate an extraordinary amount, which can be a major issue for people who have heart problems. In some cases, one’s heart beat so fast it exploded. But if one is looking for a comeback to that bad side effect, the cannabis plant can be good. Canna bis can also help with aches and sores. In factRead MoreMarijuana Should Not Be Beneficial For Medical Purposes1080 Words   |  5 PagesMarijuana has proven to be beneficial for medical purposes. It has therapeutic effects that will ultimately allow patients with adverse health conditions to improve their quality of life. Legalizing marijuana can also improve the state of the United States’ economy through taxation and creation of job opportunities. Additionally, it can reduce the crime rate in the United States and save the United States tons of money. Contrarily, marijuana should not be legalized for recreational usage. Extensive

Lisa Sherman Case Analysis Free Essays

Lisa Sherman worked for Verizon for many years. While there she never revealed her sexual orientation . Then one fated day, there was a diversification workshop with her fellow managers. We will write a custom essay sample on Lisa Sherman Case Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now The outcome of this was that her coworkers were bigoted towards homosexuality. Lisa Sherman had a tough decision to make, whether to stay or to leave. The following analysis shows a suggested solution. Lisa Sherman Case Analysis: Lisa Sherman spent many years not being true to who she was. She never told her coworkers that she was gay during her 15 years at Verizon Communications. Then, the company decided they wanted to hold diversity training. This is what led Lisa Sherman to the tough decision of whether to stay working at Verizon or put in her notice. The diversity training displayed general statements about different types of people, with statements such as â€Å"gay people are†¦Ã¢â‚¬  written on poster boards. The corporate leaders then formed groups and wrote on the poster boards what their first concept of a particular group of people was. Their statements of groups such as Blacks and Jews involved only positive messages. However when they got to the board regarding homosexual people, it was nothing at all positive, with comments such as â€Å"immoral, pathetic, perverse, and spreading disease. † (Audenaert and George, 2008). How could Lisa now open up and tell these people that she herself was Gay, when they thought such horrid things? Not only were negative derogatory statements bad for Lisa Sherman they were also bad for the company. The CEO Ray Smith wanted to enact a policy of diversification, to take Verizon into a more flexible and creative company. He planned to establish policies that barred not hiring someone because of their ethnic background, religion, race, sex, and sexual orientation. However if his highest level managers felt this way about Gay people what did the rest of the company feel? Lisa Sherman was with Verizon for 15 years, working her way up the chain. She had always hid her sexuality and the existence of her partner Sophie, using pronouns such as â€Å"him† and â€Å"we† for â€Å"her† and â€Å"she† (Alboher, 2008). She felt that if she were to tell anyone it would affect her career, which allegedly proved to be a correct assumption, from the comments that her co-workers made. One of the most homophobic individuals turned out to be one of Lisa’s mentors. In essence, the people Lisa had been closest to turned out to be bigoted individuals. When deciding what to do, Lisa needs to be sure it is in the best interest of her needs. Since she has been with the same company for 15 years, and quickly worked her way up, she probably has a myriad of opportunities waiting for her. She can inform the CEO Ray Smith of her sexual orientation, as he wants the company to become more progressive and would (allegedly) not be bothered by her sexuality. However, the rest of her coworkers still feel that Gay people are immoral, disgusting people. Even if the CEO did not mind her sexuality, her coworkers would still see her in a different light. I feel the best decision that Lisa can make is to look for different work, with a more open, progressive company, then resign from Verizon. This decision would allow her time to get her finances in order. However, if she had a large savings, then the best decision would be to resign immediately, because being around such bigoted individuals would cause her undue stress, and her performance may be affected. If Lisa Sherman chooses to resign, since the CEO Ray Smith is so open to becoming a more diversified workforce, perhaps he can use her and her experience, when she informs him of her sexuality, as a consultant for future policies. Lisa could be a great asset to the company, as she has experienced the bigotry and discrimination about her sexuality her whole adult life, since she first came out. She understands what it means to not admit to others your true self, for fear of losing a job, or not gaining a job. Policies can be changed but unfortunately it takes much more work to change people’s opinions. People are afraid of the unknown, they fear change (Pratt, 2005). To help change people’s opinions training would need to be done, to show that Gay individuals are no different than anyone else. They do not choose their sexuality anymore than someone chooses their skin color. Someone should not be judged by something that they cannot choose. If Lisa Sherman chooses to resign, Verizon Communications and the CEO need to reeducate their employees on what a diversified workplace should be like. There are currently no federal laws that prohibit workplace discrimination based on sexual orientation (Smith, 2010). However many states and companies have laws and regulations that prohibit discrimination based on sexual orientation. The company should respond by offering condolences to Lisa Sherman, then start by making policies to make all workers comfortable. Lisa Sherman was a good employee and a hard worker for many years, yet she had to hide who she really was. No employee should have to hide their family life; it affects their stress levels and their mood. Lisa stated that while others had pictures of their wives and kids on their desks, she had a picture of her dog. Lisa should have been comfortable with having her partner’s photo on her desk, as she was her family. Unfortunately, as the office was not a comfortable place for a lesbian woman to state that she was a lesbian, she was unable to. Whatever the actual outcome was in this case, Lisa Sherman should leave the company for her own peace of mind, and sense of self worth. Verizon Communications and Ray Smith need to take the company to a modern, progressive state, by hiring openly gay people, and enacting policies to prevent discrimination in hiring, and the harassment of workers. Such a progressive policy is not only good for the workforce but for the company. As a company that is so open to diversification, they are bound to increase their customer base. Works Cited http://www.life-with-confidence.com/life-change.html http://www.hrhero.com/topics/sexual_orientation_discrimination.html How to cite Lisa Sherman Case Analysis, Essay examples

Segmenting Markets Essential Significant â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Segmenting Markets Essential Significant? Answer: Introducation Segmenting markets is an essential and significant factor for shaping the strategies within the hospitality industry. This may result into differentiate and develop the hotel properties as well. Within the fast changing landscape of the hospitality industry, the hotels are improving and expanding continuously. While entering a new market, it is very important for the hotels to segment their target market and position the brand. The key of a successful marketing strategy is the STP strategy which is segmentation, targeting and positioning. The approach indicates that the entire market is constituted of few relatively homogeneous sections with their different and distinct cultures and desires (Hennart Slangen, 2015). Therefore this approach attempts to recognize each of the market segments, direct the activities of the organization according to the demand of their targeted market segment and position their brand in an appealing way to the targeted market segments. This section will di scuss the target markets and mode of entries in terms of the multinational hotel, Hilton Worldwide Holdings. Hilton Worldwide Holdings is a global brand with resorts and hotels in around eighty five countries across the world. The company has shown a constant growth over the years and increased around thirteen percent from their previous years growth. The organization aims to provide genuine experiences for their clients. When this hotel entered in the Australian market, the brand had segmented the entire client base in different segments for positioning their brand in a favorable position than the other brands. Segmenting the market involves differentiating the customers on the basis of different variables such as demographic, geographic, and psychographic and many others. While entering the Australian market, Hilton Worldwide Holdings had segmented their market in following ways: Geographic segmentation: This segmentation includes targeting a particular group of customers based on their geographic locations in the global and national levels (Brouthers, 2013). This strategy of Hilton hotels aims to build their hotels in locations which are quite popular for the target market base. For instance, Australia has been a favorable position for the hotel as it is apopular location for ding business and travel. Demographic Segmentation: This segmentation includes different variables such as age, gender, income, lifestyle, social class etc (Samiee, 2013). In this term, the Hilton Worldwide Holdings target the clients who are mostly middle to senior aged and belongs to higher income group and upper class of the society. The organization charges premium price for their quality services. Psychographic segmentation: The hotel targets the ambitious professionals who can express that they can perceive the higher achievements and high status by paying the premium service in the hotels. Benefit segmentation: This segmentation includes the implementation of the market segment based on the benefit of the customers and focus on obtaining the services and products provided by the company (Brouthers, 2013). Therefore Hilton has offered its existing and potential customer base a higher status in the society with luxury and a sense of accomplishment. This segmentation of the market has helped the brand in entering the Australian market where such premium quality hotels existed from before. Since the hotel has targeted the higher class and upscale customers who belong to the higher income group and travel for business, the hotel has considered providing a high level service as a major mode of entry. The marketing team of the organization has executed a regionally relevant and a coordinated strategy that can drive more customers to them. The hotel also applied their revenue management to the segmentation and targeting strategy as this has helped them to reach a varied customer base and matched their budget as well. United backpackers Kraus et al. (2015) has pointed out that backpacking is quite popular in Australia and this industry has made a major contribution in the national economy. The backpackers from all over the world come to Australia. Naidoo Wu (2014) has indicated that the hotels are quite significant for offering the essential facilities for the entertainment and leisure for the urban crowd. However, within this globalized era, the low budget hotels are increasing. There are large shares of the Australian hotels that are budget oriented. As discussed before, the notion of marketing segmentation indicates to the split of the market into different segments of customers. The segmentation is done on the basis of similar requirements of a group of customers. As per the demands of the customers for same choice of accommodations, the backpackers industry has taken adequate steps to target their particular segments and choose their new modes of entry in the market. United backpackers is an organization that mostly targets the youth groups. The segmentation of this tourism industry is generally designed to achieve a certain level of industry development. Targeting the market also provides a clear framework for the potential changes that the industry may make for making effective steps for developing the industry (Hassan Gioeli, 2014). The United backpackers mostly targets the psychographic and demographic segment as they attract more young travelers and the leisure travelers. On the basis of the demographic segmentation, Uni ted backpackers targets its customers. Demographic segmentation: This segmentation refers to the study of the sex, age, education, life style etc. In case of this organization, they target the young market segment that belongs to the average income groups with higher energy for travelling. They opt for the adventure sports and other interesting activities. Furthermore the organization concentrates on finding few specific modes for entry for the young market concentrating on their specifications. For this target group, nature is a tempting and attractive experience (Falk, 2016). Therefore the hotel has chosen its location to be in a place with scenic beauty with the wild fauna and flora which tend to act as a gateway for the urban young crowd. The hotel also arranges tours to the sand, sea, bungee jumping etc. Therefore the hotel can attract tourists along with maintaining the ecology. There are also coastal lifestyle experiences in Australia which is quite popular for the young urban crowd. The hotel maintains offering this lifestyle experience wh ich gives a touch of the classic outdoor lifestyle and provides thrill and fun at the same time. The hotel does not really targets the family market, rather they target the young travelers and the mature market who tend to seek out the experiences of exploratory vacation experience (Richard Richard, 2017). Moreover the organization tends to advertize their organization through the television and printed material as this market segment mostly relies on these media for travel information and opportunities. However, this market segment is limited and it does not offer a huge range of services to the travelers, therefore the hotels do not receive more travelers throughout the year. Psychographic segmentation This segmentation focuses on dividing the market into groups as per the life styles of the travelers. The life style tends to influence the buying attitude, behavior and the activities and expectations of the consumers (Horner, 2016). As the hotel is mostly providing a leisure experience to the average income groups, they tend to provide an experience that is out of the urban crowd and relates to the adventure and indigenous tourism. Coca Cola Hammad (2014) has indicates that it may be difficult for the brands to persuade all the customers in a better way, however, they can opt for a better and smart approach in order to make sure that the marketing strategy in entirely targeted towards a particular groups of consumers. Therefore they tend to develop their global branding strategy in accordance to that. Coca cola is a brand that has already positioned their product in the global market for achieving better success. Nowadays, the consumers are more health conscious; therefore they tend to demand for low calorie drinks which are not as harmful as the previous ones. Therefore, Coca cola has brought new products in the market which contain low calorie. This market segment is a comparatively new one in the soft drink industry. As indicated by Sengupta (2012) as the higher level of sugar consumption can cause the dangerous diseases such as diabetes and heart diseases, therefore now more consumers are looking for adopting a bette r and healthier life style. Therefore this has leaded them to demand products that contain lower level of sugar. Therefore the products of Coca cola which have lower calorie, their demand has gone higher. Coca cola has considered this demand of its customer base and targeted developing the low calorie drinks. Initially, Coca cola has developed the low calorie drinks such as Diet coke and Coke zero which targeted the market segment that demands the soft drinks with less sugar level. For such drinks, while these products were serving the market segment having higher demand for the low calorie drinks, the mother products were from the normal soft drink segment. However, the outcome was not as it was expected before launch. The taste of these soft drinks was not accepted by the consumers. Therefore Coca cola started developing a new soft drink with low calorie with less than thirty percent of sugar. This was developed as a result to targeting the market segment where the customers are more interested in achieving a healthier life. The taste of this soft drink was up to the mark as well. According to Doyle (2012) the brands require finding the position of their products with the determined market segment, so that the requirements of the customers can be served accordingly. The brand also requires gaining competitive edge within the market. Therefore as stated in the previous figure, the soft drink with lower sugar level composition has placed itself as a soft drink with better taste and low calorie. Therefore they have branded the product such a way within the market segment that it could easily compete with the other soft drink products based on the taste of the products. The product was launched with a balance of good taste and lower calorie. Therefore it can be said that the organization has done its branding in an appropriate way and positioned the product which has been beneficial for the brand for achieving success in the market. Nestle Nestle has been an important manufacturer for the consumer goods in a lower price all around the world. The brand has been in a leading position for more than a century which has also marked that the brand has changed its goods according the taste and demands of the consumers. Nestle has been a part of everyday life as the brand mostly focuses on the delivery of different benefits for people through their service, food and beverages (Sengupta, 2012). The brand has understood and anticipated the requirements of the customers which have helped them to adapt the new opportunities that came in their way throughout these years. With the digital disruption, the relationship between the suppliers and customers has changed; therefore the organization has also grabbed the opportunities for addressing the specific challenges faced by the organization. After creating the products, Nestle tends to differentiate the image of the products in an effective and efficient way which can provide a competitive edge within the market place. For global branding, it is very important to differentiate the products of the brand. Nestle has a wide range of customers. There are around twenty five kinds of minerals that are available for children in the market. Nestle also has Lactogen and cereal for the new born babies. Nestle has made these products almost a monopoly within the market. Other than the nutritious baby foods, Nestle has also provide ready to make Maggi noodles which contains vitamins, minerals and nutrition. The brand reaches to its targeted customers through experienced channels and retailers (Aaker Joachimsthaler, 2013). Therefore the products tend to reach the customers easily. The company also provides a great after service by providing 24*7 hotlines. The brand always brings changes according to the new requirements of the custo mers. As the brand targets the baby food market, they position their brand by focusing on the nutritious part of the products. Reference list Aaker, D. A., Joachimsthaler, E. (2013). The lure of global branding.Harvard business review,77, 137-146. Bowie, D., Buttle, F., Brookes, M., Mariussen, A. (2016).Hospitality marketing. Taylor Francis. Brouthers, K. D. (2013). A retrospective on: Institutional, cultural and transaction cost influences on entry mode choice and performance.Journal of International Business Studies,44(1), 14-22. Doyle, P. (2012). Building successful brands: the strategic options.Journal of marketing management,5(1), 77-95. Falk, M. (2016). A gravity model of foreign direct investment in the hospitality industry.Tourism Management,55, 225-237. Greenfield, S. (2016). Giving the Global High Sign: Coca-Cola Advertising of the American Way in Life Magazine, 1941-1947. Hammad, A. (2014). The Impact of Celebrity Advertisement and Endorsement on the Buying Behaviour of Consumers, Brand Image and Brand Positioning of Coca Cola in London, United Kingdom. Hassan, L., Gioeli, T. (2014). Foreign Market Entry-Modes and Their Impact on Perceived Cultural Differences. Hennart, J. F., Slangen, A. H. (2015). Yes, we really do need more entry mode studies! A commentary on Shaver.Journal of International Business Studies,46(1), 114-122. Horner, S. (2016). THE FUTURE OF MARKET SEGMENTATION AND RELATIONSHIP MARKETING IN THE TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY SECTORS.Atna Journal of Tourism Studies,1(1), 1-14. Keller, K. L., Parameswaran, M. G., Jacob, I. (2012).Strategic brand management: Building, measuring, and managing brand equity. Pearson Education India. Kraus, S., Ambos, T. C., Eggers, F., Cesinger, B. (2015). Distance and perceptions of risk in internationalization decisions.Journal of Business Research,68(7), 1501-1505. Naidoo, V., Wu, T. (2014). Innovations in marketing of higher education: Foreign market entry mode of not-for-profit universities.Journal of Business Industrial Marketing,29(6), 546-558. Richard, B., Richard, B. (2017). Hotel chains: Survival strategies for a dynamic future.Journal of Tourism Futures,3(1), 56-65. Samiee, S. (2013). International market-entry mode decisions: Cultural distance's role in classifying partnerships versus sole ownership.Journal of Business Research,66(5), 659-661. Sengupta, S. (2012).Brand positioning: Strategies for competitive advantage. Tata McGraw-Hill Education.

Salem Witch Trials Essays - Witchcraft, Salem Witch Trials, Tituba

Salem Witch Trials Chadwick Hansen. Witchcraft at Salem. New York: George Braziller, INC., 1969. 252pp. Many people believe that the witch-hunt of Salem, Massachusetts in 1692, was based upon mere delusions of a few frightened teenage girls. Despite the popular viewpoint of many other historians, Chadwick Hansen's book, Witchcraft at Salem, offers a generally discarded point of view. He uses exhausted research and well-written material to argue that the events of 1692 were true signs of witchcraft. Hansen proves this thesis by elaborate descriptions of the girls who were afflicted and by extensive trial evidence. In many historical writings the girls that were afflicted by the witches were usually branded as liars, who were afraid of the repercussion of taking part in the craft. Hansen, however, takes the stand that the girls were, for the most part, believable. The convulsive fits were so grotesque that eyewitnesses agreed that it was impossible for the girls to be acting (1). The girls were believed above all others because the courts could not bear the thought that the fits and loss of memory, appetite, hearing, sight, and speech were false. Hansen goes on to describe the torment that the girls faced. They felt themselves pinched and bitten, and often there were actual marks upon the skin (1). Hansen's ability to describe to the girl's afflictions in such detail lends the reader to believe that actual witches caused the torture of the girls. For markings to appear upon the skin of the girls, where nothing physically had touched their skin, Hansen concludes that it could only be a result of supernatural beings. Hansen's well-researched trial evidence is a very convincing argument. He presents the reader with numerous cases and the process each went through. There were two cases unparticular as to which Hansen writes about explicitly. He writes of a maidservant, Tituba, and of a woman of the community, Dorcas Good. Both Tituba and Dorcas Good admitted to being involved in the art of witchcraft. Hansen uses these confessions and other numerous convictions for his basis that there was witchcraft in Salem. Fifty-two people were indicted for witchcraft, for which many of them were accused due to spectral evidence (205). Hansen relies greatly on spectral evidence as a basis for conviction, because for the majority of the time that was generally (if not only) all the evidence the court had to decide upon. The extensive sources Hansen cited for the foundation of his theory are historical writings. Many of the works he cited dated back to the late 1600's and early 1700's; however there are some that were as recent as the 1960's. There is a wide variety of material, with over 175 sources cited. Hansen went to great lengths to ensure that the material was accurate. He took a year off from teaching at Pennsylvania State University, and traveled to the Massachusetts area to work with more desirable information. His sources were well documented and extensively researched. There were witches in Salem, however there were not a significant number. Some of the girls were acting out of fear of the consequence of their actions in the craft. He has provided much evidence on many different trials but failed to point out a significant number of confessed witches. His weighty reliance on spectral evidence, as support to the convictions of the accused women, is a serious misjudgment. Furthermore spectral evidence was later viewed as an unreliable source due to the Devil's ability to impersonate anyone. The witch trials were an important event in Puritan society; however, it is hard to believe that among such a small number of people, there were a significant number who practiced witchcraft. Furthermore, medical knowledge of seizures and their cause was little known at this time. This avenue of thought would have enlightened known physical actions of the women. Lastly the Puritan religion was a strict religion with some fanatic beliefs which can cause people to m anifest ideas in their thinking. Hansen's work on the trials proves that a few people practiced witchcraft, however, that could not have true of fifty-two people

Family Adaptation to Leukemia Diagnosis Essays

Family Adaptation to Leukemia Diagnosis Essays Family Adaptation to Leukemia Diagnosis Essay Family Adaptation to Leukemia Diagnosis Essay We all know that life is non ever just, bad things happen to good people and that we can non foretell the hereafter. This becomes distressingly apparent whenever a kid is diagnosed with malignant neoplastic disease. Harmonizing to the American Childhood Cancer Organization, approximately 12,400 kids in the U.S. are diagnosed with malignant neoplastic disease each twelvemonth. It is the taking cause of disease-related decease for kids. Leukemia is the most normally diagnosed malignant neoplastic disease in kids, accounting for 31 per centum of the instances ( McGrath, 2001 ) . This type of malignant neoplastic disease originates in the tissues that form blood, impacting the white blood cells, doing jobs contending infections and production of other blood cells. While most patients now benefit from long periods of remittal or wellness after initial intervention, the acknowledgment of new psychosocial issues has come to the head. : An person s premises, security, and position of the universe are altered dramatically when the wellness of person they love is threatened. The safety and security of kids is the primary duty of their parents. Parents Teach and steer their kids through the hurdlings of their life and protect them from being harmed by others ; but the world is that they have no control over so many things in their kids s lives including malignant neoplastic disease. When a kid is diagnosed with malignant neoplastic disease, both the parents and their households frequently feel the same sense of denial, weakness, choler, and depression similar to the fright felt by people who suffer through other traumatic events ( Horwitz A ; Kazak, 1990 ) . Frequently, they travel through these emotional provinces before geting at credence and sometimes non in neat and tidy patterned advances. Many of these emotions reappear at different times during the kid s intervention. In many instances, normal household life Mi chigans and parents are all of a sudden focused on the kid with malignant neoplastic disease, determinations about the right or best intervention, programming, trials, and fiscal and insurance issues. Additionally, many parents have other kids who require their attention and attending. Research workers estimate that 51 per centum of mas and 40 per centum of pas who have a kid with malignant neoplastic disease meet the standards for Acute Stress Disorder within 2 hebdomads of the malignant neoplastic disease diagnosing ( Kars, Duijnstee, Pool, Van Delden, A ; Grypdonck, 2008 ) . Many times the diagnosing of childhood malignant neoplastic disease comes at a clip when the household is in the early phases of its ain development. The consequence of unwellness on a household frequently changes the kineticss of that household ; these are the indispensable procedures by which the household maps, makes determinations, gives support to the single household members, and headers with day-to-day life. Based on the 10 Family Life Education ( 2009 ) content countries, the subject of household version to a leukemia diagnosing relates to the Internal Dynamic of Family content country. This content country focuses on household relationships including household strengths and failings and household interrelatednesss. Key processes of communicating, decision-making, and job resolution are included ( Bredehoft A ; Walcheski, 2009 ) . Concentrating on the countries of emphasis direction, struggle declaration, and job resolution in the husband-wife relationship and parent-child relationship will enable households to cover more efficaciously with the affects or jobs that arise with the diagnosing of leukaemia of a household mem ber. Developmental Time period This paper addresses the developmental period of early childhood development, specifically preschool elderly kids. Children in this age group, three through six old ages, are in the Freudian psychological science phallic phase, which is the 3rd phase of psychosexual development. In this phase kids are larning the physical differences between male and female , and the gender differences between male child and miss experiences, which alter the psychological kineticss of the parent and kid relationship ( Phallic Stage , 2011 ) . Preschool aged kids are able to follow simple regulations, take part in conversations, and develop concluding accomplishments. These accomplishments play a really of import function with parents when they are seeking to find what and how much information to pass on to their kid refering their leukaemia diagnosing and intervention. Preschool kids set up strong trust s on their female parent for support and attention and experience a great sense of anxiousness when separated from this health professional. This anxiousness is particularly noticeable when a parent is absent from a kid s medical visit or process ( Morrison, 2011 ) . It is good to the kid for the health professional to be at that place during medical interventions ; this allows them to go on a one on one connexion with their parent through their clip of intervention every bit good as maintaining a strong relationship with the kid as he or she continue to turn to adulthood. Thesis Although a diagnosing of childhood malignant neoplastic disease rivals most incubuss, it is critical to the wellbeing of the full household for parents to set those frights aside and concentrate their energies on what must be done to bring around the unwellness and to assist the kid header with leukaemia. Many kids, even preschool elderly kids, are able to understand the particulars of this disease. Helping the kid header with this life endangering disease will do the state of affairs easier on the whole household ( Labay A ; Walco, 2003 ) . Experience and instance surveies have found that it is best to be unfastened and honest with your kid, while supplying a reassuring and soft hope that the leukaemia will travel into remittal. How much and what type of information that is given to the kid at this point should be based upon the kid s personality and age ( Children with Leukemia , 1997 ) . Children have a better clip seting to long term intervention when they can be prepared for what lies in front. Part of that readying is assisting the kid feel comfy in the infirmary by familiarising them with the infirmary modus operandi and scene, specifically with the nurses and physicians, the installations including the location of rumpus rooms, public toilets, and waiting suites. This information will assist the kid feel comfy while undergoing intervention and stress the fact that infirmaries are non chilling topographic points but topographic points that focus on assisting them experience better. Preschool aged kids typically will believe that their leukaemia is due to a specific past action. It is of import to reassure a kid of this age group and their siblings that they did nil to do their unwellness or that the interventions and medical processs are non penalties for their actions. Behavior issues frequently occur with kids in this age class as interventions advancement. Younger ( pre-school ) kids are more likely to see higher degrees of projecting behavior jobs ( e.g. , aggression, impulsivity, or riotous behaviour ) during intervention than do striplings ( National Cancer Institute , 2010 ) . Other kids revert to more infant like behaviour, cleaving, inability to fall asleep entirely and demoing penchant for one parent. Behavior alterations are expected and sometimes can be averted by promoting the kindergartner to show how they are experiencing utilizing playthings, dolls, and graphics. This will frequently beg a more honorable revelation of emotions than will a norm al conversation. Preschool aged kids are active by nature so a major job for kids with leukaemia is seting to the physical restrictions. The kid who is ill and weakened by unwellness and intervention will by and large be unable to prosecute in traditional physical activities including out-of-door drama. Bing originative in developing alternate ways to divert a immature kid can forestall behavior issues while besides giving the kid a sense of normality to his or her twenty-four hours. While it is obvious that a kid s life will alter dramatically with the diagnosing of leukaemia, parents rapidly detect that the diagnosing non merely affects the kid but besides impacts the lives of the full household. It is non unusual for parents to reassess and do alterations in ends, outlooks, hopes, and dreams for the kid and their siblings. For many households the diagnosing of leukaemia leads to experiential daze for parents and a reversal in normal household life. Many parents face the duties of forming intervention and back uping their kid during their clip of unwellness and intervention. The research workers in this survey conducted one on one interviews with 12 female parents and 11 male parents of 12 kids. During the interviews the female parents, male parents, and kids were asked a series of inquiries to find what was the most influential support they needed to acquire through this diagnosing ( Kars, Duijnstee, Pool, Van Delden, A ; Grypdonck, 2008 ) . The research workers determined that Being there was identified as the nucleus construct. This thought allowed Dutch research workers to reason that the more the kid s female parent or male parent was at that place for them during intervention, the more likely they are to hold higher opportunities of endurance. The research workers besides concluded that the acti ons and reactions of parents increases the penetration into the implicit in inquiry ; that parents supply a higher go oning attention despite the fact that they are hurt by the diagnosing that has affected their household ( Kars et al. , 2008 ) . Equally shortly as the words your kid has malignant neoplastic disease are said, many parents face a daze of non cognizing what to make next. In a recent survey done on 45 parents with kids who were a twelvemonth or more out of intervention, research workers tried to analyse if the facets of the kid s malignant neoplastic disease diagnosing, intervention, and recovery were the hard parts of covering with and pull offing the malignant neoplastic disease experience. These parents were placed into seven focal point groups where research workers conducted interviews and concentrate groups to find which portion of the malignant neoplastic disease experience they viewed as the worst ( Papaikonomou A ; Nieuwoudt, 2004 ) . The research workers concluded that even though larning that your kid has malignant neoplastic disease was the worst feeling in the universe, it was even worse for the parents cognizing that there was nil that they could hold done otherwise ( Papaikonomou A ; Nieuwoudt , 2004 ) . Parents are placed in a state of affairs to inquire for whatever aid is available to guarantee that their kid will have the best available medical intervention. When covering with a serious unwellness, like leukaemia, support to the kid and parent is critically of import. The better the parents are supported that easier it will be for them to back up the kid and household. The can be every bit simple as aid with errands, shopping, carpooling and housekeeping. In many instances, this is where friends and household can lend. In a recent survey, research workers conducted interviews with parents during the clip their kid was at the terminal of their induction-remission 5-week period. The research workers were able to reason that the demand for support was high and that the offers of support tend to decrease over clip. The research workers besides concluded that spouses, household, friends, employers, hospital staff, and other parents in the same state of affairs were the chief beginnings the persons went to when they needed emotional and psychological support ( McGrath, 2001 ) . The research workers besides found that the more support that a ki d and the household receives, the easier it is for the household to go on medical attention. Families are more inclined to lodge with something when there is another person at that place to endorse them up along the manner. With the appropriate ejaculation of support, this clip can be a meaningful one for societal and emotional development. In households, the diagnosing of leukaemia in a kid is really hard to accept and this is compounded when the household includes a sibling. Some of the emotional challenges for a sibling are similar to those of the ailment kid and parent ; choler, denial, grief and credence. In a recent survey, 25 preschool siblings in households of kids with malignant neoplastic disease and 25 preschool siblings in households with healthy kids were assessed to find the sum of coherence and adaptability in the household ( Horwitz A ; Kazak, 1990 ) . These siblings were placed together in different suites where the research workers conducted simple trials to assist mensurate their adaptability and coherence. The siblings in the oncology group along with the healthy group had behavior and self-perceptions that were consistent with published norms. Siblings in both groups had the same behaviour and perceptual experiences of themselves as any normal kindergartners would. The consequences highlighted that 56 % of the households in the oncology group had an adaptability score classified as helter-skelter, whereas the households with the healthy siblings had a 20 % helter-skelter adaptability mark ( Horwitz A ; Kazak, 1990 ) . From these consequences, the research workers concluded that there is a demand to place factors that promote household version every bit good as ways for siblings to go more comfy with the malignant neoplastic disease diagnosing of their brother or sister. In many instances that involve a diagnosing of malignant neoplastic disease, siblings felt as though they were traveling to be left out of the state of affairs with no counsel. Their brother or sister was acquiring all the attending by their parents therefore go forthing them with feelings of weakness. They experience the loss of their brother or sister in day-to-day household modus operandis and particular state of affairss. They are placed in a state of affairs that has much uncertainness. With skilled professional support and a strong support system in topographic point sibling dealingss can be strengthen as everyone turns to each other for support and company. Bing a sibling to a brother or sister who has leukaemia is a hard experience. In a recent survey done on 29 siblings of 14 kids diagnosed with leukaemia, research workers examined how the life of a sibling was affected when their brother or sister had malignant neoplastic disease. The research workers were able to roll up the informations through questionnaires that were distributed to the siblings and the parents. The consequences of the survey showed that while siblings did non exhibit increased rates of behaviour forms, they did expose more societal and academic troubles ( Labay A ; Walco, 2003 ) . The research workers besides determined that birth order and the intimacy of the sibling besides affected how sibling adjusted with their day-to-day modus operandi while cognizing there brother or sister was undergoing life salvaging interventions. It was concluded that empathy might play an of import function in sibling accommodation following the diagnosing of malignant neoplastic di sease ( Labay A ; Walco, 2003 ) . Siting with the sibling and discoursing with them what is traveling to go on to their brother or sister may non look much but it will do the passage for them a small spot easier. The forecast and medical intervention of childhood leukaemia has evolved well over recent decennaries and is now considered a life endangering but often-treatable chronic unwellness ( Koocher A ; OMalley 1981 as cited in Horwitz A ; Kazak 1990 ) . The sick kid must postulate with the emphasiss of invasive medical processs, physical uncomfortableness, unpredictable symptoms, and separation from some household and friends. For many kids the intervention and side effects can be more painful than the existent malignant neoplastic disease itself. Therefore, the issues of quality of life for the kid and household have become turning countries of involvement ( Katz and Jay 1984 as cited in McGrath 2001 ) . It is critical to the well-being of the household to enlist in the assistance of support organisations whose exclusive intent is to back up, usher, educate and heighten the quality of life of the household, health professional and patient as they fight to get the better of their unwelln ess. Media The complete copiousness of ways in which people hear, see and read about intelligence has surely added to the information refering the diagnosing, intervention, and household accommodation for kids with leukaemia. This spread of information has expanded the resources available for preschool kids and their households in the signifier of skilled profession support, malignant neoplastic disease plans and instruction. The media is able to foreground the success of leukemia medical interventions, portion information with the populace and make an consciousness refering leukaemia. Human-interest narratives capture the Black Marias of everyone particularly those who focus on households endeavoring to convey a better life to households with ill kids. A recent poster on the ABC intelligence web site, describes how a household took stairss to convey some normality into their kid s life that was diagnosed with leukaemia. In this article Particular Preschool gives kids with malignant neoplastic disease a sense of normality , the writer states that holding malignant neoplastic disease is difficult in itself, but non being able to take part in the normal daily activities of school takes a toll on the kid ( De Nines, Hopper 2010 ) . Nancy Zuch and her hubby Rod started this particular preschool, the Morgan Center for their ill immature kid when they realized there was no preschool available to manage the particular demands of malignant neoplastic disease patients. They felt it was critical for their kid to be involved in activities that maintained the normality of their twenty-four hours. The Morgan Center prides itself on being like all other schools: crayons, drama dough, pencils and gum sticks, the lone difference is refering the p recautions that are in topographic point to cut down the menace of infections since the kids s immune systems are so vulnerable ( De Nines, Hopper 2010 ) . This school allows the preschool kid to restore a normal modus operandi but besides allows give the parents to interact with that are experiences they same test and trial. The most of import and chief thing that they want everyone to take away is that even with the hope and exhilaration of seeing the childs together, there are still cryings. However, do non be fooled ; this is non a sad topographic point ( De Nines, Hopper 2010 ) . Plans and Jobs A plan that is available for households who have a kid with malignant neoplastic disease is called Alex s Lemonade Stand ( ALSF ) . The ALSF is a foundation that grew from a immature miss s desire to assist other kids combating malignant neoplastic disease merely like herself. At the age of 4, Alexander Scott, a malignant neoplastic disease patient who lost her conflict with malignant neoplastic disease in 2004 had a desire to open a lemonade base in her front pace to raise money so physicians could assist other childs, liked they helped me ( ALSF, 2006 ) . After Alex s decease, her parents started the Alex s Lemonade Stand Foundation to go on her work and give hope to other malignant neoplastic disease patient and their households. To day of the month this foundation has raised more than $ 30 million dollars for funding research plans and supplying free plans to households. Their mission statement is: to raise money for and consciousness of childhood malignant neoplastic disease causes-especially research into new interventions and cures-and to promote and empower others, particularly kids, to acquire involved and do a difference for kids with malignant neoplastic disease ( ALSF, 2006 ) . Knowing the many battles that households face during their kid s battle to get the better of malignant neoplastic disease the ALSF has a plan in topographic point, the Alex s Lemonade Stand Travel Fund to assist households with travel disbursals as they travel for interventions that their kids need. This fund provides alleviation to the fiscal load many households face when seeking medical intervention for their kid. Alex s Lemonade Stand Foundation is acutely cognizant of the demand to supply educational resources for households of kids with malignant neoplastic disease. Each twelvemonth they host the Childhood Cancer Symposium to give households the chance to larn about issues and subjects of intervention. This symposium besides gives households a opportunity to portion experiences and support to other households confronting the same challenges. Recognizing that a kid undergoing medical intervention for leukaemia will pass the bulk of their clip in a infirmary scene has expanded the support, educational research, and services that infirmaries now offer to households. Many infirmaries offer monthly Sessionss for parents and their kids to discourse how the diagnosing is impacting them as a household. Emotional and practical support is critical for households and infirmaries offer different options such as support groups, peer support, and single guidance session. All support services offered to households are centered on the cardinal premiss to heighten the quality of life of the patient, their health professionals, and their household during their battles to get the better of their unwellness. One profession that focuses on this subject is a child life specializer. A child life specializer is a trained professional with expertness in assisting kids and their households overcome life s most ambitious events. They provide emotional support for households while besides assisting the kid header through drama, instruction, and self-expression activities. A child life specializer seeks to cut down the anxiousness and emphasis associated with medical processs assisting kids and their households to get by in a positive mode. The drama a critical function confer withing with parents and hospital staff on a kid s peculiar demands while in the infirmary. Professional Experience Cancer has ever been an point of treatment within our household. At an early age, I lost my grandma to malignant neoplastic disease, which had a great impact on all of my household. I was able to see, hear, and see the battles households encounter when get bying with the diagnosing, intervention and sometimes the decease of a loved 1. This early brush with malignant neoplastic disease gave me a sense of way in my demand for assisting people ; I became more focussed on helping people or organisations that provided support to persons who were diagnosed with malignant neoplastic disease. One of my first voluntary assignments to carry through my community service hours while in high school was at the American Cancer Society to help with general office support. While executing some really generic office activities I was able to see the importance of this organisation in the lives of households. The dedication that the staff towards assisting people who face malignant neoplastic disease was astonishing, the full office was dedicated to the end of the organisation to back up research, early sensing, intervention and instruction. The staff s committedness influenced me to go on volunteering with the organisation as clip permitted. In the past twelvemonth, because of my college class choices, I one time once more was given the chance to finish service hours at the American Cancer Society. The general office work was minimum and the bulk of my clip was spent planning, back uping, and go toing different fund-raising events. The largest event was the Road to Recovery plan, which provides malignant neoplastic disease patients with transit to and from their medical interventions. Forming the contributions, dinner, invitations, and ornaments for this event gave me a sense of fulfilment in being able to supply a little part of the support critically sick patients need. I am presently interning at Casey Cares Foundation. The mission of this foundation is to heighten the lives of critically sick kids. This includes working with households to schedule a merriment holiday, forming caring connexion parties, and assisting cod contribution to assist back up their end of bettering the lives of critically sick kids. Bing able to interact closely with households of critically sick kids can be sad at times but it has besides given me great satisfaction in cognizing that I am conveying joy into this household. This experience has made me recognize the dependance that households have on support organisation such as Casey Cares and the American Cancer Society in assisting them through the mundane tests of lasting a malignant neoplastic disease diagnosing. Annotated Bibliography Gedaly-Duff, V. , Lee, K. , Nail, L. , Nicholson, S. , and Johnson, K. ( 2006 ) . Pain, sleep perturbation, and weariness in kids with leukaemia and their parents: a pilot survey. Oncology Nursing Forum, 33 ( 3 ) , 641-646. Department of the interior: 10.1188/06.ONF.641-646 To a kid that is ill and their household one of the most of import things that they can acquire is sleep, and when that is disturbed because of the chemotherapy, households try to happen ways to assist them and their kid slumber. In this survey, which was conducted in places in Oregon and southwesterly Washington, nine kids with leukaemia, six male parents and seven female parents, where encouraged to maintain a diary that described their sleep and different activities they had done throughout the twenty-four hours. They were encouraged to maintain these journals for an drawn-out period to see if their slumber forms changed when the kid was in chemotherapy or out of chemotherapy. The research workers found and concluded that a kid s hurting, sleep perturbation, and weariness are the symptoms that are act uponing their household s quality of life. They besides stated that larger surveies need to be done to analyze the symptom forms and wellness results of kids, male parents, and femal e parents over the class of chemotherapy. This article relates to my subject because it shows how a diagnosing of leukaemia can impact the parents in the same manner that it is impacting the kid. The parents begin to demo some of the after effects of the chemotherapy, which in bend helps them, better adapt to their kid s diagnosing. Horwitz, W. A ; Kazak, A. ( 1990 ) . Family version to childhood malignant neoplastic disease: sibling and household systems variables. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 19 ( 3 ) , 221-228. Retrieved from: hypertext transfer protocol: //web.ebscohost.com.proxy-tu.researchport.umd.edu/ehost/detail? hid=17 A ; sid=f9f7b7e3-e95f-4c37-b23d-f871efc883ba % 40sessionmgr15 A ; vid=6 A ; bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ % 3d % 3d # db=aph A ; AN=6394052 In households with siblings the hardest thing that any brother or sister wants to cover with is cognizing that their sibling has to travel through intervention for malignant neoplastic disease. In this survey, 25 preschool siblings in households of kids with malignant neoplastic disease and 25 preschool siblings in households of healthy kids were assessed to find coherence and adaptability in the household. Social behavior perceptual experiences of similarity in the sibling braces were besides measured. The siblings in the oncology group had behavior, societal competency and self-perceptions that were consistent with published norms and did non differ greatly from the comparing group. The consequences added that 56 % of the households in the oncology group had an adaptability score classified as stiff or helter-skelter, whereas the households in the comparing group had a 20 % adaptability mark of stiff or helter-skelter significance that both households had jobs that would let them t o come together as a whole. The research workers concluded that there is a demand for households to place factors that promote version every bit good as ways for siblings to go more comfy with the diagnosing of their brother or sister holding malignant neoplastic disease. This survey relates to my subject because it allowed me to compare how siblings in households with malignant neoplastic disease and how siblings in households of healthy kids adapt to the milieus that they are given and how they deal with the tests and trials that they may confront. Kars, M. , Duijnstee, M. , Pool, A. , Van Delden, J. , A ; Grypdonck, M. ( 2008 ) . Bing there: rearing the kid with leukaemia. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 17, 1553-1562. Department of the interior: 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2007.02235.x The research workers in this article wanted to derive penetration into the lives of rearing a kid with leukaemia during intervention. For many households the diagnosing of leukaemia leads to floor for parent and a reversal in normal household life. Many parents face the duties of forming intervention and back uping their kid during the unwellness and intervention. The research workers in this survey conducted one on one interviews with 12 female parents and 11 male parents of 12 kids. The research workers determined that Being there was identified as the nucleus construct. This thought allowed research workers to analyze that the more the kid s female parent or male parent was at that place for them during intervention the more likely they were to hold a higher opportunity of endurance. The research workers concluded that the actions and reactions of parents increased the penetration into the implicit in inquiry that parents supply a higher go oning attention despite the fact that t hey are hurt by the diagnosing that has affected their household. This survey relates to my subject because it describes a twenty-four hours in the life of parents and how they have found ways to rear their kid that has been diagnosed with leukaemia. McGrath, P. ( 2001 ) . Identifying support issues of parents of kids with leukaemia. Cancer Practice, 9 ( 4 ) , 198-205. Department of the interior: 1065-4704/01/198-205 When covering with serious illness support is the most of import thing that any parent and kid could inquire for. In this survey, research workers had interviews with parents during the clip their kid was at the terminal of their induction-remission to the terminal of the 5-week period, which was collected over a twelvemonth. The research workers determined that the demand for support was high and that offers of support tend to decrease over clip. They besides determined that spouses, household, friends, employers, hospital staff, and other parents in the same state of affairs where the chief beginnings the persons went to when they need emotional support. The research workers concluded that the more support that an person and household receive the easier it is traveling to be for that household to go on with the interventions. Families are more inclined to vomit with something when there is another persons at that place to endorse them up along the manner. This survey relates to my subject because it shows ways that parents can acquire support in any manner that they can to assist them better understand the diagnosing. Papaikonomou, M. , A ; Nieuwoudt, J. ( 2004 ) . Researching parents narratives of get bying with their kid s malignant neoplastic disease: a qualitative survey. South African Journal of Psychology, 34 ( 2 ) , 283-300. Retrieved from: hypertext transfer protocol: //web.ebscohost.com.proxy tu.researchport.umd.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer? hid=17 A ; sid=f9f7b7e3-e95f-4c37-b23d-f871efc883ba % 40sessionmgr15 A ; vid=3 Covering with a diagnosing of malignant neoplastic disease is difficult in itself, but when the diagnosing involves your kid, you truly do non cognize what to make. In this survey, eight parents whose kids were diagnosed with malignant neoplastic disease who had joined a support group had their life narratives about their tests in trials with the malignant neoplastic disease diagnosing analyzed. The subjects of common job, members associating one another as equals, and member playing double functions as both suppliers and receivers of aid were seen as the ways each parent coped with the diagnosing. The research workers determined from the parents narratives that there is a demand for a displacement in which persons understand the jobs with rearing a kid with a malignant neoplastic disease diagnosing. This article relates to my subject because it depicts the existent life narratives of how households deal with the diagnosing of leukaemia on their kid on a day-to-day footing. Patterson, J. , Holm, K. , A ; Gurney, J. ( 2004 ) . the impact of childhood malignant neoplastic disease on the household: a qualitative analysis of strains, resources, and get bying behaviours. Journal of Psycho-Oncology, 13, 390-407. Department of the interior: 10.1002/pon.761 Life comes with many tests and trials, but when you least anticipate one your stopped dead in your paths until you can happen ways to cover with it. In this survey, seven focal point groups with 45 parents of kids who were a twelvemonth or more out of malignant neoplastic disease intervention were analyzed to find if the facets of the kid s malignant neoplastic disease diagnosing, intervention and recovery were the hard parts in covering with and pull offing the malignant neoplastic disease experience. The research workers used the Family Adjustment and Adaptation Response theoretical theoretical account to form the informations and determine that the most bosom twisting portion was holding to hear the physician say that their kid is being diagnosed with malignant neoplastic disease. The research workers concluded that even though hearing your kid has malignant neoplastic disease, the worst feeling is cognizing that, in most instances, it can non be fixed. Many households have a diff icult clip accepting that they need to inquire others for aid, to do certain that there child receives the right intervention to be every bit healthy as they can be. This article relates to my subject because it describes how difficult a diagnosing of malignant neoplastic disease can be on a household. It besides shows that the household needs to be unfastened to all the aid and support that they can acquire.

Europeans and Native American culture 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Europeans and Native American culture 2 - Essay Example It shall also focus on how the colonials governed themselves within the religious societies, which evolved constantly despite the restrictions, policies and laws of England and her parliament. Lastly, the paper shall conclude. The relationship between Europeans and Native Americans would be termed as interactive. Native Americans taught Europeans what to wear, how to grow food, and innovative forms of transportation. Native Americans implemented the technology of Europeans like weapons. Europeans brought horses into the land of natives, which they would use to move on the plains and hunt buffalo. The Europeans categorized the natives as superstitious savages thus converted them to Christianity1. Europeans altered the native language through teaching them English. Out of interaction connecting cultures, something novel came and peculiarly American. The new settlers brought diseases with them. A new reality would be seen, in which an ordinary cold made the natives ill, and others died. The entire villages in North America got wiped out by diseases like smallpox, cholera, measles and pneumonia. Smallpox proved to be extremely virulent. It spread extensively among the migratory tribes. The North Americans would be forced to reestablish themselves elsewhere. They suffered malnutrition and death eventually2. The climate fluctuations affected the grasslands’ productivity, native subsistence and migration patterns. There were food shortages that resulted to starvation. This facilitated and exacerbated the effects of diseases on populations and individuals. The colonies encompass the corporate, who got support from companies organized within England for profit. The proprietary involves those contracted as proprietorship to individuals. The crown gets controlled by the monarch. In religious matters, a board or committee known as council formulates laws for administration. The colonists were the secretaries of puritan. The first government of

The Affordable Care Act and Maternal Health Care Essay

The Affordable Care Act and Maternal Health Care - Essay Example All levels were expected to collaborate and partner in the provision of health and development of the stated outcomes through evidence-based home visiting programs. The main reason this issue was addressed in the Act was to improve the coordination services for at-risk communities and the children therein (Russo, Wier and Steiner, 2009). It also aims at improving and strengthening programs and activities carried out  for children protection. It also aims to identify any comprehensive services that  should not be part of the healthcare system as a way of increasing  attention to those living in  at-risk communities. Those involved in the whole process include health practitioners, the state, community and federal health-based centers and agencies such as the Administration for Children and Families (ACF) and other partnering agencies. This issue was raised as a concern for the well-being of the children and as a means of enhancing healthcare from early childhood to the old age (Dann, 2008). It also encourages partnering agencies to strength the early childhood health system as a means of promoting health and the well-being of the pregnant mothers, children below  10yrs  as well as their families. Such an effective and comprehensive agenda will allow more children to achieve the best healthcare program available and attract the support of other like-minded agencies. Background The realization that the early childhood protection system is necessary has been long overdue. For instance, in a study conducted in nine states between 1996 and 1999, it was noted that 17-41 percent of women of childbearing age women lacked insurance prior to pregnancy while 13-35 percent transitioned to Medicaid at some point during their pregnancy (Adam, Gavi, and Handler, 2006). The lack of this valuable attribute has limited the way the women would have planned for a successful pregnancy as the establishment of Medicaid eligibility after confirming pregnancy created a barri er for them to access timely prenatal care services (Courtot and Kaye, 2009). The policies in the Affordable Care Act (ACA) have changed the social bearing of a large segment of childbearing women as the services will provide coverage to women with higher incomes than previous 133 percent of the federal poverty level (FPL) (Russo, Wier, and Steiner, 2009). The political class has encouraged the implementation of this Act as a way of ensuring the budgetary allocations are provided to cater for the expenses. Their willingness in the actualization of the program will enhance child protection and health provisions that ensure stable childhoods and an eventual healthy population. The economic impacts are two fold. The country will spend highly to cover an additional 8.2 million women below  65 years who are not insured or  are ineligible for Medicaid. The women in the lower income bracket of between 100 – 400 percent of the FPL  will benefit from the Act  through access to subsidies for purchasing health insurance. This will bring on board at least 7 million women under the age of 65 (Collins, Rustgi, and Doty, 2010). The social and ethical impacts of this provision will provide an avenue through which the communities will raise their health profile and sustain a healthy status. With young adults having been included in the access to health insurance, the community will benefit from the services they lacked in the beginning with mothers and young children being the biggest recipients

Obesity as an emerging epidemic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Obesity as an emerging epidemic - Essay Example In this study, the authors describe the rising obesity rates and related increase in the healthcare costs, which have been highlighted in research and popular media over again. There is a need for action, and there is a considerable stigmatization of obese people, especially children. There is need for guidelines for public health managers in order to design and implement obesity prevention programmes, which can minimize stigma. This article discusses the social process involved in obesity stigmatisation, its consequences, and its manifestations in health service provision. Based on research, this study also suggests how to design nonstigmatising obesity prevention public health programmes. Management of overweight and obesity is an important public health agenda since these are associated with ill health. There is recognized gap between primary care activities and public health goals to reduce obesity and overweight. Based on systemic reviews and key literatures, the relationships between these have been explored. This study reveals that with sustained political support and investment, the primary care and public health sectors may work hand in hand to reduce obesity through both personal and social interventions, which ultimately may lead to reduction of cardiovascular events. This study examined the pub... itical support and investment, the primary care and public health sectors may work hand in hand to reduce obesity through both personal and social interventions, which ultimately may lead to reduction of cardiovascular events. 4. Goodman, E., Slap, GB., and Huang, B., (2003). The Public Health Impact of Socioeconomic Status on Adolescent Depression and Obesity. Am J Public Health; 93: 1844 - 1850. This study examined the public health impact of socioeconomic status gradient on adolescent obesity through calculation of population attributable risks for household income and parental education on a nationally representative sample of adolescents in terms of obesity to reveal that the population attributable risks for income and education were large. Across each gender and ethnic groups, the socioeconomic status is associated with an increased incidence of obesity disease burden within the total population. 5. Gordon, FK., Ferguson, EL., Toafa, V., Henry, T., Goulding, A., Grant, AM., and Guthrie, BE., (2003). High Levels of Childhood Obesity Observed among 3- to 7-Year-Old New Zealand Pacific Children Is a Public Health Concern. J. Nutr.; 133: 3456 - 3460. In this cross-sectional community based survey study, the attained growth and body composition of 3 to 7-year-old Pacific children were assessed to examine nondietary factors associated with the percentage of body fat. The factors examined were parent reported status of physical activities in these children. However, it was found that these young children have extremely high levels of obesity and truncal fat which could have major public health implications with advancement of age. 6. Reilly, JJ., (2006). Obesity in childhood and adolescence: evidence based clinical and public health perspectives. Postgrad. Med. J.;

Socio-Cultural Theories Of Crime

Socio-Cultural Theories Of Crime The sociological or socio-cultural model provides a macro-level analysis of criminal violence. This model examines criminal violence in terms of socially structured inequality, and social and cultural attitudes and norms regarding anti-social behaviour and inter-personal relations. Besides the two well-known theories, viz. the Structural-Functional Theory and the Theory of Sub-culture of Violence, the Learning Theory, the Exchange Theory, the Anomie Theory, and the Resource Theory also come under socio-cultural analysis.  [1]   Structural Theory This theory asserts that social groups differ in respect to their typical levels of stress, deprivation and frustration and in the sources at their disposal to deal with these stresses. It explains that those individuals would be more violent who combine high stress with low resources. This theory thus explains an individuals action in terms of the ways it is shaped or determined by social forces of one kind or another. Among the possible sources of stress are economic conditions, bad housing, relative poverty, lack of job opportunities and unfavourable and frustrating work condition. Men and women are socialized into particular roles to which are attached a set of socially determined expectations. If structural faction prevents these expectations from being realized, frustration results and violence may ensue. Furthermore, in a variety of ways violence is socially legitimated. Criticism One consequence of accepting this position is that the action of individuals has nothing to do with their personalities and values, and that violence cannot be described in terms of conflict, suppression, sublimation, guilt, and so on. The role of rationality also has to be rejected in social action. The structuralistic perspective, thus, leaves some questions unanswered because of which it is criticized. It should also be observed, however, that while stress resulting from poverty, inequality and various forms of deprivation may be contributory factors in domestic violence, only a small proportion of those who experience such conditions behave violently and many of those who do behave violently are neither poor nor deprived. The identification of structural factors gives a more political flavour to explanations of domestic violence. For example, a study by Straus revealed: that there was a lower incidence of domestic violence when the inequalities between men and women were less marked, and that weaker social bonds gave rise to increased domestic violence.  [2]   System Tension and Feedback System Theory This theory was developed by Straus (A General Systems Theory of violence between Family Members, 1973) to explain intra-family violence. Straus accounts for violence in the home by viewing family as a purposive goal-seeking, adaptive social system. Violence is seen as a system product or output rather than an individual pathology. Straus specified positive feedback in the system which can create an upward spiral of violence, and negative feedback which can maintain, dampen, or reduce the level of violence. According to this theory, violence is precipitated by factors such as stress and inter-individual conflict and is followed by consequences which maintain or escalate violence in family and in society. Criticism This theory has been criticized on the basis that there has been little research specifically concerned with the learning of marital violence. It also over-emphasizes the social system and completely ignores the role of individuals personality.  [3]   Resource theory Resource theory was suggested by William Goode (1971). Women who are most dependent on the spouse for economic well being (e.g. homemakers/housewives, women with handicaps, the unemployed), and are the primary caregiver to their children, fear the increased financial burden if they leave their marriage. Dependency means that they have fewer options and few resources to help them cope with or change their spouses behavior. Couples that share power equally experience lower incidence of conflict, and when conflict does arise, are less likely to resort to violence. If one spouse desires control and power in the relationship, the spouse may resort to abuse.  [4]   Criticism This theory does not explain all forms of violence against women. Various arguments can be given against this theory when applied to wife battering, dowry deaths, murders, rapes, and so on. Patriarchy Theory This theory developed by R.E. Dobash and R. Dobash (Violence Against Wives, 1979) maintains that throughout history, violence has been systematically directed towards women. Economic and social processes operate directly and indirectly to support a patriarchal social order and family structure. Dobashs central theoretical argument is that patriarchy leads to the subordination of women and contributes to a historical pattern of systematic violence directed against females. Criticism Dobashs theory, while perhaps the most macro-level approach to violence against women, has a major drawback of being a theory that is essentially a single factor (patriarchy) explanation of violence (towards women). Conflict and Control Theories Scholars like Foucault (1975), Thompson (1977), and Rothman (1980) have presented a domination model of deviance. They have talked of rules imposed on the powerless by the powerful. Radical and conflict sociologists like Quinney (1977) have argued that the purpose of controlling deviance is to protect the interests of the dominant classes and to prevent access to their resources by outsiders. In other words, the control apparatus is created to prevent the powerless from pursuing their interests, particularly if that pursuit involves gaining access to resources monopolized by the powerful. Imposing varied restrictions on women and compelling them to remain dependent on men economically, socially and emotionally to make them realize that they are weak and powerless in all respects, stands as an example of this argument. To the extent that the agents of control belong to the dominant group, an overall system of devaluation of the powerless group (women) can easily be implemented. Schurz (1983) contends that male control of deviance labelling results in their continued dominance in most spheres of life. The constraints on womens rights can be interpreted as function of the successful definition of women as different from and inferior to men. Man talks of woman not in herself but as relative to him. She is not regarded as an autonomous being. She is differentiated with reference to man and not him with reference to her. She is the incidental, the inessential as opposed to the essential. He is the Subject, he is the Absolute; she is the other. Sex role norms clearly differentiate men from women. When these norms become internalized, they are accepted as facts and seldom questioned. Millet (1970) has said: Because of our social circumstances, male and female are really two cultures and their life experiences are utterly different. Women live in such a different economic, cultural and social world from men that their reactions cannot be understood from a master model developed in male society. Criticism What is in question is not the existence of gender differences but the extent to which such differences justify restrictive role assignments to each gender. There is little disagreement regarding the cultural construction of gender, but there are conflicting views on the role biological factors play in such development. Thus women are: declared as different, defined as inferior, and women stereotypes are justified, and they are systematically deprived of rights, and all attempts at change are restricted. Inter-actionist Deviance Theory This theory, exemplified by theorists such as Erikson (1964), Becker (1963) Schurz (1971), and Lemert (1978) has three characteristics: it cites sex roles as causal factors of why engage in crime and deviant behaviour, it maintains that societal expectations about appropriate sex role behaviour influence the diagnosis and labelling of certain actions as deviant or criminal, and it holds that gender affects the response to such (deviant) behaviours by society (Wisdom, 1984), Since women tend to be less powerful and of lower social status than men, they are easily labelled as deviant in cases of domestic violence. This theory explains family violence in terms of sex role or gender norms, i.e., differential expectations for values, attitudes and behaviours as a function of ones gender. These norms serve as important standards against which women and men are evaluated through application of various sanctions (Schur, 1984). According to the prevalent sex role norms, a husband expects a good wife to behave in a certain manner. She has to run the household smoothly, ensure childrens well-mannered behaviour, avoid assertiveness and remain submissive to elders in family. Any show of independence on her part would violate sex role expectations for female behaviour. According to deviance theory, norm violations tend to trigger forces aimed at making the violator conform to expected standards of behaviour. Thus, when women do not behave like the males ideal of wife, husbands use violence against them to make them conform to norms.  [5]   Social Learning Theory Social learning theory while still concentrating on individual perpetrators, introduces a social element by attempting to explain mens violence towards women as learned behaviour. This phenomenon is seriously referred to as intergenerational transmission of violence. What it purports to demonstrate is that those who witness violence between their parent, or who themselves experience abuse as children are likely to resort to violence in adulthood.  [6]   This theory asserts that human aggression and violence are learned conduct, especially through direct experience and by observing the behaviour of others. According to this theory (Albert Bandura, Aggression: A Social Learning Analysis, 1973) the individual learns violence through imitation. Individuals pick up the behaviour patterns of those they are taught to respect and learn from. Whether observed in the flesh or via visual media, the behaviour of aggressive models is readily imitated by individuals. Aggressive behaviour patterns learned through modelling and imitation remain part of our repertoire of social responses over time. Rewards and punishments also play a crucial role in the learning and expression of behaviour patterns. One might think that physical aggression directed against ones fellows could hardly have any rewards, actual or anticipated. But it is not so. Violence offers abundant rewards and one learns it very early in life. This theory explains both the variations of persons and situations in their tendency to respond aggressively by reference to prior experience, reinforcement patterns, and cognitive processes. Steele and Pollock (1974) and Bennie and Sclare (1969) have maintained that abusive male adults are likely to have been raised in abusive homes. In fact, this family determinism approach maintains that all victims of childhood violence will grow up to be violent adults.  [7]   Criticism Such and Flit craft reject the notion that violence is transmitted from one generation to the next; they argue that the studies which claim to show this are methodologically flawed and base their conclusions on inadequate evidence and unsound interpretation. Widom points to methodological weaknesses in the research, including in retrospective nature and the lack of an adequate control group. Dr. Ram Ahuja applied this theory in studying a wife-batterers history of abuse as a child and found that about half of the batterers (55%) had faced conditions of manifest physical brutality or severe emotional rejection in their childhood. The data thus supported the social learning theory. Yet, violence which is the result of victims provocation or victims complicity, etc., cannot be explained on the basis of this simple theory. Cognitive Behaviour Theory The cognitive behaviour theory postulates that men batter because: They are imitating examples of abuse they have witnessed during childhood or in the media, abuse is rewarded, it enables the batterer to get what he wants, and abuse is reinforced through victim compliance and submission. This theory is same as social learning theory. Advantage and Criticism of the Cognitive Behaviour models One advantage of the cognitive behavioural model is that its analysis of battering and its intervention strategy are compatible with a criminal justice response to domestic violence. The approach holds the batterer fully responsible for his violence and fully responsible for learning and adopting nonviolent alternatives. Without trying to solve larger issues of social inequality on the one hand, or delving into deep-seated psychological issues on the other, the cognitive behavioural approach simply focuses on the violent acts themselves and attempts to change them. The feminist perspective criticises the cognitive behavioural approach for failing to explain why many men with thought patterns or skills deficits that allegedly explain their domestic violence are not violent in other relationships, how culture or sub-cultures influence patterns of violence, and why some men continue to abuse women even when the behaviour is not rewarded.  [8]   Exchange Theory Rechard J. Gelles feels that the Exchange Theory is the best theory of violence because it integrates the elements of the diverse theories of human violence. According to the Exchange Theory, interaction is guided by the pursuit of rewards and the avoidance of punishment and costs. In addition, an individual who supplies reward services to another obliges him to fulfil an obligation and thus the second individual must furnish benefits to the first. The exchange does not pertain to concrete or tangible things; rather, it involves intangibles such as esteem, liking, assistance and approval. If reciprocal exchange of rewards occurs, the interaction will continue, but if reciprocity is not received, the interaction will be broken off. Thus, actors expect rewards to be proportional to the investments (distributive justice). The costs and rewards are judged in the light of alternatives.  [9]   This theory explains the growth of resentment, anger, hostility and violence when the principle of distributive justice is violated. In applying the principles of the Exchange Theory to explain violence in a family (in our case wife beating, dowry death and rape by a family member), we expect that people will use violence in a family if the costs of being violent do not out-weigh the rewards. Goode suggests that force is used more by those in the poorer classes partly because they have less alternative resources and partly because their socialization experiences teach them to depend more on force. However, all researchers do not agree that the poor classes do use more force, though statistics show more violence in poor classes are there because of the fact that greater proportion of the population belongs to lower classes or it may be that middle classes have more resources or have greater motivation to hide their offences. Criticism Intra-family relations are more complex than those studied by Exchange Theorists. A wife cannot break-off interaction with her husband and parents cannot break-off interaction with their children, even if there is no reciprocity. Goode (1971) however, believes that violence is used as a last resort to solve problems in the family. But Nye (1979) does not accept Goodes viewpoint. In applying this theory to intra-family violence, we find some costs for being violent. First, there could be the chance of the victim hitting back; second, a violent assault could lead to an arrest and/or imprisonment; and finally, using violence could lead to loss of status. Thus, since the cost greater than the reward, how does the reward, how does the Exchange Theory explain violence against women?