Salem Witch Trials Essays - Witchcraft, Salem Witch Trials, Tituba

Salem Witch Trials Chadwick Hansen. Witchcraft at Salem. New York: George Braziller, INC., 1969. 252pp. Many people believe that the witch-hunt of Salem, Massachusetts in 1692, was based upon mere delusions of a few frightened teenage girls. Despite the popular viewpoint of many other historians, Chadwick Hansen's book, Witchcraft at Salem, offers a generally discarded point of view. He uses exhausted research and well-written material to argue that the events of 1692 were true signs of witchcraft. Hansen proves this thesis by elaborate descriptions of the girls who were afflicted and by extensive trial evidence. In many historical writings the girls that were afflicted by the witches were usually branded as liars, who were afraid of the repercussion of taking part in the craft. Hansen, however, takes the stand that the girls were, for the most part, believable. The convulsive fits were so grotesque that eyewitnesses agreed that it was impossible for the girls to be acting (1). The girls were believed above all others because the courts could not bear the thought that the fits and loss of memory, appetite, hearing, sight, and speech were false. Hansen goes on to describe the torment that the girls faced. They felt themselves pinched and bitten, and often there were actual marks upon the skin (1). Hansen's ability to describe to the girl's afflictions in such detail lends the reader to believe that actual witches caused the torture of the girls. For markings to appear upon the skin of the girls, where nothing physically had touched their skin, Hansen concludes that it could only be a result of supernatural beings. Hansen's well-researched trial evidence is a very convincing argument. He presents the reader with numerous cases and the process each went through. There were two cases unparticular as to which Hansen writes about explicitly. He writes of a maidservant, Tituba, and of a woman of the community, Dorcas Good. Both Tituba and Dorcas Good admitted to being involved in the art of witchcraft. Hansen uses these confessions and other numerous convictions for his basis that there was witchcraft in Salem. Fifty-two people were indicted for witchcraft, for which many of them were accused due to spectral evidence (205). Hansen relies greatly on spectral evidence as a basis for conviction, because for the majority of the time that was generally (if not only) all the evidence the court had to decide upon. The extensive sources Hansen cited for the foundation of his theory are historical writings. Many of the works he cited dated back to the late 1600's and early 1700's; however there are some that were as recent as the 1960's. There is a wide variety of material, with over 175 sources cited. Hansen went to great lengths to ensure that the material was accurate. He took a year off from teaching at Pennsylvania State University, and traveled to the Massachusetts area to work with more desirable information. His sources were well documented and extensively researched. There were witches in Salem, however there were not a significant number. Some of the girls were acting out of fear of the consequence of their actions in the craft. He has provided much evidence on many different trials but failed to point out a significant number of confessed witches. His weighty reliance on spectral evidence, as support to the convictions of the accused women, is a serious misjudgment. Furthermore spectral evidence was later viewed as an unreliable source due to the Devil's ability to impersonate anyone. The witch trials were an important event in Puritan society; however, it is hard to believe that among such a small number of people, there were a significant number who practiced witchcraft. Furthermore, medical knowledge of seizures and their cause was little known at this time. This avenue of thought would have enlightened known physical actions of the women. Lastly the Puritan religion was a strict religion with some fanatic beliefs which can cause people to m anifest ideas in their thinking. Hansen's work on the trials proves that a few people practiced witchcraft, however, that could not have true of fifty-two people

Family Adaptation to Leukemia Diagnosis Essays

Family Adaptation to Leukemia Diagnosis Essays Family Adaptation to Leukemia Diagnosis Essay Family Adaptation to Leukemia Diagnosis Essay We all know that life is non ever just, bad things happen to good people and that we can non foretell the hereafter. This becomes distressingly apparent whenever a kid is diagnosed with malignant neoplastic disease. Harmonizing to the American Childhood Cancer Organization, approximately 12,400 kids in the U.S. are diagnosed with malignant neoplastic disease each twelvemonth. It is the taking cause of disease-related decease for kids. Leukemia is the most normally diagnosed malignant neoplastic disease in kids, accounting for 31 per centum of the instances ( McGrath, 2001 ) . This type of malignant neoplastic disease originates in the tissues that form blood, impacting the white blood cells, doing jobs contending infections and production of other blood cells. While most patients now benefit from long periods of remittal or wellness after initial intervention, the acknowledgment of new psychosocial issues has come to the head. : An person s premises, security, and position of the universe are altered dramatically when the wellness of person they love is threatened. The safety and security of kids is the primary duty of their parents. Parents Teach and steer their kids through the hurdlings of their life and protect them from being harmed by others ; but the world is that they have no control over so many things in their kids s lives including malignant neoplastic disease. When a kid is diagnosed with malignant neoplastic disease, both the parents and their households frequently feel the same sense of denial, weakness, choler, and depression similar to the fright felt by people who suffer through other traumatic events ( Horwitz A ; Kazak, 1990 ) . Frequently, they travel through these emotional provinces before geting at credence and sometimes non in neat and tidy patterned advances. Many of these emotions reappear at different times during the kid s intervention. In many instances, normal household life Mi chigans and parents are all of a sudden focused on the kid with malignant neoplastic disease, determinations about the right or best intervention, programming, trials, and fiscal and insurance issues. Additionally, many parents have other kids who require their attention and attending. Research workers estimate that 51 per centum of mas and 40 per centum of pas who have a kid with malignant neoplastic disease meet the standards for Acute Stress Disorder within 2 hebdomads of the malignant neoplastic disease diagnosing ( Kars, Duijnstee, Pool, Van Delden, A ; Grypdonck, 2008 ) . Many times the diagnosing of childhood malignant neoplastic disease comes at a clip when the household is in the early phases of its ain development. The consequence of unwellness on a household frequently changes the kineticss of that household ; these are the indispensable procedures by which the household maps, makes determinations, gives support to the single household members, and headers with day-to-day life. Based on the 10 Family Life Education ( 2009 ) content countries, the subject of household version to a leukemia diagnosing relates to the Internal Dynamic of Family content country. This content country focuses on household relationships including household strengths and failings and household interrelatednesss. Key processes of communicating, decision-making, and job resolution are included ( Bredehoft A ; Walcheski, 2009 ) . Concentrating on the countries of emphasis direction, struggle declaration, and job resolution in the husband-wife relationship and parent-child relationship will enable households to cover more efficaciously with the affects or jobs that arise with the diagnosing of leukaemia of a household mem ber. Developmental Time period This paper addresses the developmental period of early childhood development, specifically preschool elderly kids. Children in this age group, three through six old ages, are in the Freudian psychological science phallic phase, which is the 3rd phase of psychosexual development. In this phase kids are larning the physical differences between male and female , and the gender differences between male child and miss experiences, which alter the psychological kineticss of the parent and kid relationship ( Phallic Stage , 2011 ) . Preschool aged kids are able to follow simple regulations, take part in conversations, and develop concluding accomplishments. These accomplishments play a really of import function with parents when they are seeking to find what and how much information to pass on to their kid refering their leukaemia diagnosing and intervention. Preschool kids set up strong trust s on their female parent for support and attention and experience a great sense of anxiousness when separated from this health professional. This anxiousness is particularly noticeable when a parent is absent from a kid s medical visit or process ( Morrison, 2011 ) . It is good to the kid for the health professional to be at that place during medical interventions ; this allows them to go on a one on one connexion with their parent through their clip of intervention every bit good as maintaining a strong relationship with the kid as he or she continue to turn to adulthood. Thesis Although a diagnosing of childhood malignant neoplastic disease rivals most incubuss, it is critical to the wellbeing of the full household for parents to set those frights aside and concentrate their energies on what must be done to bring around the unwellness and to assist the kid header with leukaemia. Many kids, even preschool elderly kids, are able to understand the particulars of this disease. Helping the kid header with this life endangering disease will do the state of affairs easier on the whole household ( Labay A ; Walco, 2003 ) . Experience and instance surveies have found that it is best to be unfastened and honest with your kid, while supplying a reassuring and soft hope that the leukaemia will travel into remittal. How much and what type of information that is given to the kid at this point should be based upon the kid s personality and age ( Children with Leukemia , 1997 ) . Children have a better clip seting to long term intervention when they can be prepared for what lies in front. Part of that readying is assisting the kid feel comfy in the infirmary by familiarising them with the infirmary modus operandi and scene, specifically with the nurses and physicians, the installations including the location of rumpus rooms, public toilets, and waiting suites. This information will assist the kid feel comfy while undergoing intervention and stress the fact that infirmaries are non chilling topographic points but topographic points that focus on assisting them experience better. Preschool aged kids typically will believe that their leukaemia is due to a specific past action. It is of import to reassure a kid of this age group and their siblings that they did nil to do their unwellness or that the interventions and medical processs are non penalties for their actions. Behavior issues frequently occur with kids in this age class as interventions advancement. Younger ( pre-school ) kids are more likely to see higher degrees of projecting behavior jobs ( e.g. , aggression, impulsivity, or riotous behaviour ) during intervention than do striplings ( National Cancer Institute , 2010 ) . Other kids revert to more infant like behaviour, cleaving, inability to fall asleep entirely and demoing penchant for one parent. Behavior alterations are expected and sometimes can be averted by promoting the kindergartner to show how they are experiencing utilizing playthings, dolls, and graphics. This will frequently beg a more honorable revelation of emotions than will a norm al conversation. Preschool aged kids are active by nature so a major job for kids with leukaemia is seting to the physical restrictions. The kid who is ill and weakened by unwellness and intervention will by and large be unable to prosecute in traditional physical activities including out-of-door drama. Bing originative in developing alternate ways to divert a immature kid can forestall behavior issues while besides giving the kid a sense of normality to his or her twenty-four hours. While it is obvious that a kid s life will alter dramatically with the diagnosing of leukaemia, parents rapidly detect that the diagnosing non merely affects the kid but besides impacts the lives of the full household. It is non unusual for parents to reassess and do alterations in ends, outlooks, hopes, and dreams for the kid and their siblings. For many households the diagnosing of leukaemia leads to experiential daze for parents and a reversal in normal household life. Many parents face the duties of forming intervention and back uping their kid during their clip of unwellness and intervention. The research workers in this survey conducted one on one interviews with 12 female parents and 11 male parents of 12 kids. During the interviews the female parents, male parents, and kids were asked a series of inquiries to find what was the most influential support they needed to acquire through this diagnosing ( Kars, Duijnstee, Pool, Van Delden, A ; Grypdonck, 2008 ) . The research workers determined that Being there was identified as the nucleus construct. This thought allowed Dutch research workers to reason that the more the kid s female parent or male parent was at that place for them during intervention, the more likely they are to hold higher opportunities of endurance. The research workers besides concluded that the acti ons and reactions of parents increases the penetration into the implicit in inquiry ; that parents supply a higher go oning attention despite the fact that they are hurt by the diagnosing that has affected their household ( Kars et al. , 2008 ) . Equally shortly as the words your kid has malignant neoplastic disease are said, many parents face a daze of non cognizing what to make next. In a recent survey done on 45 parents with kids who were a twelvemonth or more out of intervention, research workers tried to analyse if the facets of the kid s malignant neoplastic disease diagnosing, intervention, and recovery were the hard parts of covering with and pull offing the malignant neoplastic disease experience. These parents were placed into seven focal point groups where research workers conducted interviews and concentrate groups to find which portion of the malignant neoplastic disease experience they viewed as the worst ( Papaikonomou A ; Nieuwoudt, 2004 ) . The research workers concluded that even though larning that your kid has malignant neoplastic disease was the worst feeling in the universe, it was even worse for the parents cognizing that there was nil that they could hold done otherwise ( Papaikonomou A ; Nieuwoudt , 2004 ) . Parents are placed in a state of affairs to inquire for whatever aid is available to guarantee that their kid will have the best available medical intervention. When covering with a serious unwellness, like leukaemia, support to the kid and parent is critically of import. The better the parents are supported that easier it will be for them to back up the kid and household. The can be every bit simple as aid with errands, shopping, carpooling and housekeeping. In many instances, this is where friends and household can lend. In a recent survey, research workers conducted interviews with parents during the clip their kid was at the terminal of their induction-remission 5-week period. The research workers were able to reason that the demand for support was high and that the offers of support tend to decrease over clip. The research workers besides concluded that spouses, household, friends, employers, hospital staff, and other parents in the same state of affairs were the chief beginnings the persons went to when they needed emotional and psychological support ( McGrath, 2001 ) . The research workers besides found that the more support that a ki d and the household receives, the easier it is for the household to go on medical attention. Families are more inclined to lodge with something when there is another person at that place to endorse them up along the manner. With the appropriate ejaculation of support, this clip can be a meaningful one for societal and emotional development. In households, the diagnosing of leukaemia in a kid is really hard to accept and this is compounded when the household includes a sibling. Some of the emotional challenges for a sibling are similar to those of the ailment kid and parent ; choler, denial, grief and credence. In a recent survey, 25 preschool siblings in households of kids with malignant neoplastic disease and 25 preschool siblings in households with healthy kids were assessed to find the sum of coherence and adaptability in the household ( Horwitz A ; Kazak, 1990 ) . These siblings were placed together in different suites where the research workers conducted simple trials to assist mensurate their adaptability and coherence. The siblings in the oncology group along with the healthy group had behavior and self-perceptions that were consistent with published norms. Siblings in both groups had the same behaviour and perceptual experiences of themselves as any normal kindergartners would. The consequences highlighted that 56 % of the households in the oncology group had an adaptability score classified as helter-skelter, whereas the households with the healthy siblings had a 20 % helter-skelter adaptability mark ( Horwitz A ; Kazak, 1990 ) . From these consequences, the research workers concluded that there is a demand to place factors that promote household version every bit good as ways for siblings to go more comfy with the malignant neoplastic disease diagnosing of their brother or sister. In many instances that involve a diagnosing of malignant neoplastic disease, siblings felt as though they were traveling to be left out of the state of affairs with no counsel. Their brother or sister was acquiring all the attending by their parents therefore go forthing them with feelings of weakness. They experience the loss of their brother or sister in day-to-day household modus operandis and particular state of affairss. They are placed in a state of affairs that has much uncertainness. With skilled professional support and a strong support system in topographic point sibling dealingss can be strengthen as everyone turns to each other for support and company. Bing a sibling to a brother or sister who has leukaemia is a hard experience. In a recent survey done on 29 siblings of 14 kids diagnosed with leukaemia, research workers examined how the life of a sibling was affected when their brother or sister had malignant neoplastic disease. The research workers were able to roll up the informations through questionnaires that were distributed to the siblings and the parents. The consequences of the survey showed that while siblings did non exhibit increased rates of behaviour forms, they did expose more societal and academic troubles ( Labay A ; Walco, 2003 ) . The research workers besides determined that birth order and the intimacy of the sibling besides affected how sibling adjusted with their day-to-day modus operandi while cognizing there brother or sister was undergoing life salvaging interventions. It was concluded that empathy might play an of import function in sibling accommodation following the diagnosing of malignant neoplastic di sease ( Labay A ; Walco, 2003 ) . Siting with the sibling and discoursing with them what is traveling to go on to their brother or sister may non look much but it will do the passage for them a small spot easier. The forecast and medical intervention of childhood leukaemia has evolved well over recent decennaries and is now considered a life endangering but often-treatable chronic unwellness ( Koocher A ; OMalley 1981 as cited in Horwitz A ; Kazak 1990 ) . The sick kid must postulate with the emphasiss of invasive medical processs, physical uncomfortableness, unpredictable symptoms, and separation from some household and friends. For many kids the intervention and side effects can be more painful than the existent malignant neoplastic disease itself. Therefore, the issues of quality of life for the kid and household have become turning countries of involvement ( Katz and Jay 1984 as cited in McGrath 2001 ) . It is critical to the well-being of the household to enlist in the assistance of support organisations whose exclusive intent is to back up, usher, educate and heighten the quality of life of the household, health professional and patient as they fight to get the better of their unwelln ess. Media The complete copiousness of ways in which people hear, see and read about intelligence has surely added to the information refering the diagnosing, intervention, and household accommodation for kids with leukaemia. This spread of information has expanded the resources available for preschool kids and their households in the signifier of skilled profession support, malignant neoplastic disease plans and instruction. The media is able to foreground the success of leukemia medical interventions, portion information with the populace and make an consciousness refering leukaemia. Human-interest narratives capture the Black Marias of everyone particularly those who focus on households endeavoring to convey a better life to households with ill kids. A recent poster on the ABC intelligence web site, describes how a household took stairss to convey some normality into their kid s life that was diagnosed with leukaemia. In this article Particular Preschool gives kids with malignant neoplastic disease a sense of normality , the writer states that holding malignant neoplastic disease is difficult in itself, but non being able to take part in the normal daily activities of school takes a toll on the kid ( De Nines, Hopper 2010 ) . Nancy Zuch and her hubby Rod started this particular preschool, the Morgan Center for their ill immature kid when they realized there was no preschool available to manage the particular demands of malignant neoplastic disease patients. They felt it was critical for their kid to be involved in activities that maintained the normality of their twenty-four hours. The Morgan Center prides itself on being like all other schools: crayons, drama dough, pencils and gum sticks, the lone difference is refering the p recautions that are in topographic point to cut down the menace of infections since the kids s immune systems are so vulnerable ( De Nines, Hopper 2010 ) . This school allows the preschool kid to restore a normal modus operandi but besides allows give the parents to interact with that are experiences they same test and trial. The most of import and chief thing that they want everyone to take away is that even with the hope and exhilaration of seeing the childs together, there are still cryings. However, do non be fooled ; this is non a sad topographic point ( De Nines, Hopper 2010 ) . Plans and Jobs A plan that is available for households who have a kid with malignant neoplastic disease is called Alex s Lemonade Stand ( ALSF ) . The ALSF is a foundation that grew from a immature miss s desire to assist other kids combating malignant neoplastic disease merely like herself. At the age of 4, Alexander Scott, a malignant neoplastic disease patient who lost her conflict with malignant neoplastic disease in 2004 had a desire to open a lemonade base in her front pace to raise money so physicians could assist other childs, liked they helped me ( ALSF, 2006 ) . After Alex s decease, her parents started the Alex s Lemonade Stand Foundation to go on her work and give hope to other malignant neoplastic disease patient and their households. To day of the month this foundation has raised more than $ 30 million dollars for funding research plans and supplying free plans to households. Their mission statement is: to raise money for and consciousness of childhood malignant neoplastic disease causes-especially research into new interventions and cures-and to promote and empower others, particularly kids, to acquire involved and do a difference for kids with malignant neoplastic disease ( ALSF, 2006 ) . Knowing the many battles that households face during their kid s battle to get the better of malignant neoplastic disease the ALSF has a plan in topographic point, the Alex s Lemonade Stand Travel Fund to assist households with travel disbursals as they travel for interventions that their kids need. This fund provides alleviation to the fiscal load many households face when seeking medical intervention for their kid. Alex s Lemonade Stand Foundation is acutely cognizant of the demand to supply educational resources for households of kids with malignant neoplastic disease. Each twelvemonth they host the Childhood Cancer Symposium to give households the chance to larn about issues and subjects of intervention. This symposium besides gives households a opportunity to portion experiences and support to other households confronting the same challenges. Recognizing that a kid undergoing medical intervention for leukaemia will pass the bulk of their clip in a infirmary scene has expanded the support, educational research, and services that infirmaries now offer to households. Many infirmaries offer monthly Sessionss for parents and their kids to discourse how the diagnosing is impacting them as a household. Emotional and practical support is critical for households and infirmaries offer different options such as support groups, peer support, and single guidance session. All support services offered to households are centered on the cardinal premiss to heighten the quality of life of the patient, their health professionals, and their household during their battles to get the better of their unwellness. One profession that focuses on this subject is a child life specializer. A child life specializer is a trained professional with expertness in assisting kids and their households overcome life s most ambitious events. They provide emotional support for households while besides assisting the kid header through drama, instruction, and self-expression activities. A child life specializer seeks to cut down the anxiousness and emphasis associated with medical processs assisting kids and their households to get by in a positive mode. The drama a critical function confer withing with parents and hospital staff on a kid s peculiar demands while in the infirmary. Professional Experience Cancer has ever been an point of treatment within our household. At an early age, I lost my grandma to malignant neoplastic disease, which had a great impact on all of my household. I was able to see, hear, and see the battles households encounter when get bying with the diagnosing, intervention and sometimes the decease of a loved 1. This early brush with malignant neoplastic disease gave me a sense of way in my demand for assisting people ; I became more focussed on helping people or organisations that provided support to persons who were diagnosed with malignant neoplastic disease. One of my first voluntary assignments to carry through my community service hours while in high school was at the American Cancer Society to help with general office support. While executing some really generic office activities I was able to see the importance of this organisation in the lives of households. The dedication that the staff towards assisting people who face malignant neoplastic disease was astonishing, the full office was dedicated to the end of the organisation to back up research, early sensing, intervention and instruction. The staff s committedness influenced me to go on volunteering with the organisation as clip permitted. In the past twelvemonth, because of my college class choices, I one time once more was given the chance to finish service hours at the American Cancer Society. The general office work was minimum and the bulk of my clip was spent planning, back uping, and go toing different fund-raising events. The largest event was the Road to Recovery plan, which provides malignant neoplastic disease patients with transit to and from their medical interventions. Forming the contributions, dinner, invitations, and ornaments for this event gave me a sense of fulfilment in being able to supply a little part of the support critically sick patients need. I am presently interning at Casey Cares Foundation. The mission of this foundation is to heighten the lives of critically sick kids. This includes working with households to schedule a merriment holiday, forming caring connexion parties, and assisting cod contribution to assist back up their end of bettering the lives of critically sick kids. Bing able to interact closely with households of critically sick kids can be sad at times but it has besides given me great satisfaction in cognizing that I am conveying joy into this household. This experience has made me recognize the dependance that households have on support organisation such as Casey Cares and the American Cancer Society in assisting them through the mundane tests of lasting a malignant neoplastic disease diagnosing. Annotated Bibliography Gedaly-Duff, V. , Lee, K. , Nail, L. , Nicholson, S. , and Johnson, K. ( 2006 ) . Pain, sleep perturbation, and weariness in kids with leukaemia and their parents: a pilot survey. Oncology Nursing Forum, 33 ( 3 ) , 641-646. Department of the interior: 10.1188/06.ONF.641-646 To a kid that is ill and their household one of the most of import things that they can acquire is sleep, and when that is disturbed because of the chemotherapy, households try to happen ways to assist them and their kid slumber. In this survey, which was conducted in places in Oregon and southwesterly Washington, nine kids with leukaemia, six male parents and seven female parents, where encouraged to maintain a diary that described their sleep and different activities they had done throughout the twenty-four hours. They were encouraged to maintain these journals for an drawn-out period to see if their slumber forms changed when the kid was in chemotherapy or out of chemotherapy. The research workers found and concluded that a kid s hurting, sleep perturbation, and weariness are the symptoms that are act uponing their household s quality of life. They besides stated that larger surveies need to be done to analyze the symptom forms and wellness results of kids, male parents, and femal e parents over the class of chemotherapy. This article relates to my subject because it shows how a diagnosing of leukaemia can impact the parents in the same manner that it is impacting the kid. The parents begin to demo some of the after effects of the chemotherapy, which in bend helps them, better adapt to their kid s diagnosing. Horwitz, W. A ; Kazak, A. ( 1990 ) . Family version to childhood malignant neoplastic disease: sibling and household systems variables. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 19 ( 3 ) , 221-228. Retrieved from: hypertext transfer protocol: //web.ebscohost.com.proxy-tu.researchport.umd.edu/ehost/detail? hid=17 A ; sid=f9f7b7e3-e95f-4c37-b23d-f871efc883ba % 40sessionmgr15 A ; vid=6 A ; bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ % 3d % 3d # db=aph A ; AN=6394052 In households with siblings the hardest thing that any brother or sister wants to cover with is cognizing that their sibling has to travel through intervention for malignant neoplastic disease. In this survey, 25 preschool siblings in households of kids with malignant neoplastic disease and 25 preschool siblings in households of healthy kids were assessed to find coherence and adaptability in the household. Social behavior perceptual experiences of similarity in the sibling braces were besides measured. The siblings in the oncology group had behavior, societal competency and self-perceptions that were consistent with published norms and did non differ greatly from the comparing group. The consequences added that 56 % of the households in the oncology group had an adaptability score classified as stiff or helter-skelter, whereas the households in the comparing group had a 20 % adaptability mark of stiff or helter-skelter significance that both households had jobs that would let them t o come together as a whole. The research workers concluded that there is a demand for households to place factors that promote version every bit good as ways for siblings to go more comfy with the diagnosing of their brother or sister holding malignant neoplastic disease. This survey relates to my subject because it allowed me to compare how siblings in households with malignant neoplastic disease and how siblings in households of healthy kids adapt to the milieus that they are given and how they deal with the tests and trials that they may confront. Kars, M. , Duijnstee, M. , Pool, A. , Van Delden, J. , A ; Grypdonck, M. ( 2008 ) . Bing there: rearing the kid with leukaemia. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 17, 1553-1562. Department of the interior: 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2007.02235.x The research workers in this article wanted to derive penetration into the lives of rearing a kid with leukaemia during intervention. For many households the diagnosing of leukaemia leads to floor for parent and a reversal in normal household life. Many parents face the duties of forming intervention and back uping their kid during the unwellness and intervention. The research workers in this survey conducted one on one interviews with 12 female parents and 11 male parents of 12 kids. The research workers determined that Being there was identified as the nucleus construct. This thought allowed research workers to analyze that the more the kid s female parent or male parent was at that place for them during intervention the more likely they were to hold a higher opportunity of endurance. The research workers concluded that the actions and reactions of parents increased the penetration into the implicit in inquiry that parents supply a higher go oning attention despite the fact that t hey are hurt by the diagnosing that has affected their household. This survey relates to my subject because it describes a twenty-four hours in the life of parents and how they have found ways to rear their kid that has been diagnosed with leukaemia. McGrath, P. ( 2001 ) . Identifying support issues of parents of kids with leukaemia. Cancer Practice, 9 ( 4 ) , 198-205. Department of the interior: 1065-4704/01/198-205 When covering with serious illness support is the most of import thing that any parent and kid could inquire for. In this survey, research workers had interviews with parents during the clip their kid was at the terminal of their induction-remission to the terminal of the 5-week period, which was collected over a twelvemonth. The research workers determined that the demand for support was high and that offers of support tend to decrease over clip. They besides determined that spouses, household, friends, employers, hospital staff, and other parents in the same state of affairs where the chief beginnings the persons went to when they need emotional support. The research workers concluded that the more support that an person and household receive the easier it is traveling to be for that household to go on with the interventions. Families are more inclined to vomit with something when there is another persons at that place to endorse them up along the manner. This survey relates to my subject because it shows ways that parents can acquire support in any manner that they can to assist them better understand the diagnosing. Papaikonomou, M. , A ; Nieuwoudt, J. ( 2004 ) . Researching parents narratives of get bying with their kid s malignant neoplastic disease: a qualitative survey. South African Journal of Psychology, 34 ( 2 ) , 283-300. Retrieved from: hypertext transfer protocol: //web.ebscohost.com.proxy tu.researchport.umd.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer? hid=17 A ; sid=f9f7b7e3-e95f-4c37-b23d-f871efc883ba % 40sessionmgr15 A ; vid=3 Covering with a diagnosing of malignant neoplastic disease is difficult in itself, but when the diagnosing involves your kid, you truly do non cognize what to make. In this survey, eight parents whose kids were diagnosed with malignant neoplastic disease who had joined a support group had their life narratives about their tests in trials with the malignant neoplastic disease diagnosing analyzed. The subjects of common job, members associating one another as equals, and member playing double functions as both suppliers and receivers of aid were seen as the ways each parent coped with the diagnosing. The research workers determined from the parents narratives that there is a demand for a displacement in which persons understand the jobs with rearing a kid with a malignant neoplastic disease diagnosing. This article relates to my subject because it depicts the existent life narratives of how households deal with the diagnosing of leukaemia on their kid on a day-to-day footing. Patterson, J. , Holm, K. , A ; Gurney, J. ( 2004 ) . the impact of childhood malignant neoplastic disease on the household: a qualitative analysis of strains, resources, and get bying behaviours. Journal of Psycho-Oncology, 13, 390-407. Department of the interior: 10.1002/pon.761 Life comes with many tests and trials, but when you least anticipate one your stopped dead in your paths until you can happen ways to cover with it. In this survey, seven focal point groups with 45 parents of kids who were a twelvemonth or more out of malignant neoplastic disease intervention were analyzed to find if the facets of the kid s malignant neoplastic disease diagnosing, intervention and recovery were the hard parts in covering with and pull offing the malignant neoplastic disease experience. The research workers used the Family Adjustment and Adaptation Response theoretical theoretical account to form the informations and determine that the most bosom twisting portion was holding to hear the physician say that their kid is being diagnosed with malignant neoplastic disease. The research workers concluded that even though hearing your kid has malignant neoplastic disease, the worst feeling is cognizing that, in most instances, it can non be fixed. Many households have a diff icult clip accepting that they need to inquire others for aid, to do certain that there child receives the right intervention to be every bit healthy as they can be. This article relates to my subject because it describes how difficult a diagnosing of malignant neoplastic disease can be on a household. It besides shows that the household needs to be unfastened to all the aid and support that they can acquire.

Europeans and Native American culture 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Europeans and Native American culture 2 - Essay Example It shall also focus on how the colonials governed themselves within the religious societies, which evolved constantly despite the restrictions, policies and laws of England and her parliament. Lastly, the paper shall conclude. The relationship between Europeans and Native Americans would be termed as interactive. Native Americans taught Europeans what to wear, how to grow food, and innovative forms of transportation. Native Americans implemented the technology of Europeans like weapons. Europeans brought horses into the land of natives, which they would use to move on the plains and hunt buffalo. The Europeans categorized the natives as superstitious savages thus converted them to Christianity1. Europeans altered the native language through teaching them English. Out of interaction connecting cultures, something novel came and peculiarly American. The new settlers brought diseases with them. A new reality would be seen, in which an ordinary cold made the natives ill, and others died. The entire villages in North America got wiped out by diseases like smallpox, cholera, measles and pneumonia. Smallpox proved to be extremely virulent. It spread extensively among the migratory tribes. The North Americans would be forced to reestablish themselves elsewhere. They suffered malnutrition and death eventually2. The climate fluctuations affected the grasslands’ productivity, native subsistence and migration patterns. There were food shortages that resulted to starvation. This facilitated and exacerbated the effects of diseases on populations and individuals. The colonies encompass the corporate, who got support from companies organized within England for profit. The proprietary involves those contracted as proprietorship to individuals. The crown gets controlled by the monarch. In religious matters, a board or committee known as council formulates laws for administration. The colonists were the secretaries of puritan. The first government of

The Affordable Care Act and Maternal Health Care Essay

The Affordable Care Act and Maternal Health Care - Essay Example All levels were expected to collaborate and partner in the provision of health and development of the stated outcomes through evidence-based home visiting programs. The main reason this issue was addressed in the Act was to improve the coordination services for at-risk communities and the children therein (Russo, Wier and Steiner, 2009). It also aims at improving and strengthening programs and activities carried out  for children protection. It also aims to identify any comprehensive services that  should not be part of the healthcare system as a way of increasing  attention to those living in  at-risk communities. Those involved in the whole process include health practitioners, the state, community and federal health-based centers and agencies such as the Administration for Children and Families (ACF) and other partnering agencies. This issue was raised as a concern for the well-being of the children and as a means of enhancing healthcare from early childhood to the old age (Dann, 2008). It also encourages partnering agencies to strength the early childhood health system as a means of promoting health and the well-being of the pregnant mothers, children below  10yrs  as well as their families. Such an effective and comprehensive agenda will allow more children to achieve the best healthcare program available and attract the support of other like-minded agencies. Background The realization that the early childhood protection system is necessary has been long overdue. For instance, in a study conducted in nine states between 1996 and 1999, it was noted that 17-41 percent of women of childbearing age women lacked insurance prior to pregnancy while 13-35 percent transitioned to Medicaid at some point during their pregnancy (Adam, Gavi, and Handler, 2006). The lack of this valuable attribute has limited the way the women would have planned for a successful pregnancy as the establishment of Medicaid eligibility after confirming pregnancy created a barri er for them to access timely prenatal care services (Courtot and Kaye, 2009). The policies in the Affordable Care Act (ACA) have changed the social bearing of a large segment of childbearing women as the services will provide coverage to women with higher incomes than previous 133 percent of the federal poverty level (FPL) (Russo, Wier, and Steiner, 2009). The political class has encouraged the implementation of this Act as a way of ensuring the budgetary allocations are provided to cater for the expenses. Their willingness in the actualization of the program will enhance child protection and health provisions that ensure stable childhoods and an eventual healthy population. The economic impacts are two fold. The country will spend highly to cover an additional 8.2 million women below  65 years who are not insured or  are ineligible for Medicaid. The women in the lower income bracket of between 100 – 400 percent of the FPL  will benefit from the Act  through access to subsidies for purchasing health insurance. This will bring on board at least 7 million women under the age of 65 (Collins, Rustgi, and Doty, 2010). The social and ethical impacts of this provision will provide an avenue through which the communities will raise their health profile and sustain a healthy status. With young adults having been included in the access to health insurance, the community will benefit from the services they lacked in the beginning with mothers and young children being the biggest recipients

Obesity as an emerging epidemic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Obesity as an emerging epidemic - Essay Example In this study, the authors describe the rising obesity rates and related increase in the healthcare costs, which have been highlighted in research and popular media over again. There is a need for action, and there is a considerable stigmatization of obese people, especially children. There is need for guidelines for public health managers in order to design and implement obesity prevention programmes, which can minimize stigma. This article discusses the social process involved in obesity stigmatisation, its consequences, and its manifestations in health service provision. Based on research, this study also suggests how to design nonstigmatising obesity prevention public health programmes. Management of overweight and obesity is an important public health agenda since these are associated with ill health. There is recognized gap between primary care activities and public health goals to reduce obesity and overweight. Based on systemic reviews and key literatures, the relationships between these have been explored. This study reveals that with sustained political support and investment, the primary care and public health sectors may work hand in hand to reduce obesity through both personal and social interventions, which ultimately may lead to reduction of cardiovascular events. This study examined the pub... itical support and investment, the primary care and public health sectors may work hand in hand to reduce obesity through both personal and social interventions, which ultimately may lead to reduction of cardiovascular events. 4. Goodman, E., Slap, GB., and Huang, B., (2003). The Public Health Impact of Socioeconomic Status on Adolescent Depression and Obesity. Am J Public Health; 93: 1844 - 1850. This study examined the public health impact of socioeconomic status gradient on adolescent obesity through calculation of population attributable risks for household income and parental education on a nationally representative sample of adolescents in terms of obesity to reveal that the population attributable risks for income and education were large. Across each gender and ethnic groups, the socioeconomic status is associated with an increased incidence of obesity disease burden within the total population. 5. Gordon, FK., Ferguson, EL., Toafa, V., Henry, T., Goulding, A., Grant, AM., and Guthrie, BE., (2003). High Levels of Childhood Obesity Observed among 3- to 7-Year-Old New Zealand Pacific Children Is a Public Health Concern. J. Nutr.; 133: 3456 - 3460. In this cross-sectional community based survey study, the attained growth and body composition of 3 to 7-year-old Pacific children were assessed to examine nondietary factors associated with the percentage of body fat. The factors examined were parent reported status of physical activities in these children. However, it was found that these young children have extremely high levels of obesity and truncal fat which could have major public health implications with advancement of age. 6. Reilly, JJ., (2006). Obesity in childhood and adolescence: evidence based clinical and public health perspectives. Postgrad. Med. J.;

Socio-Cultural Theories Of Crime

Socio-Cultural Theories Of Crime The sociological or socio-cultural model provides a macro-level analysis of criminal violence. This model examines criminal violence in terms of socially structured inequality, and social and cultural attitudes and norms regarding anti-social behaviour and inter-personal relations. Besides the two well-known theories, viz. the Structural-Functional Theory and the Theory of Sub-culture of Violence, the Learning Theory, the Exchange Theory, the Anomie Theory, and the Resource Theory also come under socio-cultural analysis.  [1]   Structural Theory This theory asserts that social groups differ in respect to their typical levels of stress, deprivation and frustration and in the sources at their disposal to deal with these stresses. It explains that those individuals would be more violent who combine high stress with low resources. This theory thus explains an individuals action in terms of the ways it is shaped or determined by social forces of one kind or another. Among the possible sources of stress are economic conditions, bad housing, relative poverty, lack of job opportunities and unfavourable and frustrating work condition. Men and women are socialized into particular roles to which are attached a set of socially determined expectations. If structural faction prevents these expectations from being realized, frustration results and violence may ensue. Furthermore, in a variety of ways violence is socially legitimated. Criticism One consequence of accepting this position is that the action of individuals has nothing to do with their personalities and values, and that violence cannot be described in terms of conflict, suppression, sublimation, guilt, and so on. The role of rationality also has to be rejected in social action. The structuralistic perspective, thus, leaves some questions unanswered because of which it is criticized. It should also be observed, however, that while stress resulting from poverty, inequality and various forms of deprivation may be contributory factors in domestic violence, only a small proportion of those who experience such conditions behave violently and many of those who do behave violently are neither poor nor deprived. The identification of structural factors gives a more political flavour to explanations of domestic violence. For example, a study by Straus revealed: that there was a lower incidence of domestic violence when the inequalities between men and women were less marked, and that weaker social bonds gave rise to increased domestic violence.  [2]   System Tension and Feedback System Theory This theory was developed by Straus (A General Systems Theory of violence between Family Members, 1973) to explain intra-family violence. Straus accounts for violence in the home by viewing family as a purposive goal-seeking, adaptive social system. Violence is seen as a system product or output rather than an individual pathology. Straus specified positive feedback in the system which can create an upward spiral of violence, and negative feedback which can maintain, dampen, or reduce the level of violence. According to this theory, violence is precipitated by factors such as stress and inter-individual conflict and is followed by consequences which maintain or escalate violence in family and in society. Criticism This theory has been criticized on the basis that there has been little research specifically concerned with the learning of marital violence. It also over-emphasizes the social system and completely ignores the role of individuals personality.  [3]   Resource theory Resource theory was suggested by William Goode (1971). Women who are most dependent on the spouse for economic well being (e.g. homemakers/housewives, women with handicaps, the unemployed), and are the primary caregiver to their children, fear the increased financial burden if they leave their marriage. Dependency means that they have fewer options and few resources to help them cope with or change their spouses behavior. Couples that share power equally experience lower incidence of conflict, and when conflict does arise, are less likely to resort to violence. If one spouse desires control and power in the relationship, the spouse may resort to abuse.  [4]   Criticism This theory does not explain all forms of violence against women. Various arguments can be given against this theory when applied to wife battering, dowry deaths, murders, rapes, and so on. Patriarchy Theory This theory developed by R.E. Dobash and R. Dobash (Violence Against Wives, 1979) maintains that throughout history, violence has been systematically directed towards women. Economic and social processes operate directly and indirectly to support a patriarchal social order and family structure. Dobashs central theoretical argument is that patriarchy leads to the subordination of women and contributes to a historical pattern of systematic violence directed against females. Criticism Dobashs theory, while perhaps the most macro-level approach to violence against women, has a major drawback of being a theory that is essentially a single factor (patriarchy) explanation of violence (towards women). Conflict and Control Theories Scholars like Foucault (1975), Thompson (1977), and Rothman (1980) have presented a domination model of deviance. They have talked of rules imposed on the powerless by the powerful. Radical and conflict sociologists like Quinney (1977) have argued that the purpose of controlling deviance is to protect the interests of the dominant classes and to prevent access to their resources by outsiders. In other words, the control apparatus is created to prevent the powerless from pursuing their interests, particularly if that pursuit involves gaining access to resources monopolized by the powerful. Imposing varied restrictions on women and compelling them to remain dependent on men economically, socially and emotionally to make them realize that they are weak and powerless in all respects, stands as an example of this argument. To the extent that the agents of control belong to the dominant group, an overall system of devaluation of the powerless group (women) can easily be implemented. Schurz (1983) contends that male control of deviance labelling results in their continued dominance in most spheres of life. The constraints on womens rights can be interpreted as function of the successful definition of women as different from and inferior to men. Man talks of woman not in herself but as relative to him. She is not regarded as an autonomous being. She is differentiated with reference to man and not him with reference to her. She is the incidental, the inessential as opposed to the essential. He is the Subject, he is the Absolute; she is the other. Sex role norms clearly differentiate men from women. When these norms become internalized, they are accepted as facts and seldom questioned. Millet (1970) has said: Because of our social circumstances, male and female are really two cultures and their life experiences are utterly different. Women live in such a different economic, cultural and social world from men that their reactions cannot be understood from a master model developed in male society. Criticism What is in question is not the existence of gender differences but the extent to which such differences justify restrictive role assignments to each gender. There is little disagreement regarding the cultural construction of gender, but there are conflicting views on the role biological factors play in such development. Thus women are: declared as different, defined as inferior, and women stereotypes are justified, and they are systematically deprived of rights, and all attempts at change are restricted. Inter-actionist Deviance Theory This theory, exemplified by theorists such as Erikson (1964), Becker (1963) Schurz (1971), and Lemert (1978) has three characteristics: it cites sex roles as causal factors of why engage in crime and deviant behaviour, it maintains that societal expectations about appropriate sex role behaviour influence the diagnosis and labelling of certain actions as deviant or criminal, and it holds that gender affects the response to such (deviant) behaviours by society (Wisdom, 1984), Since women tend to be less powerful and of lower social status than men, they are easily labelled as deviant in cases of domestic violence. This theory explains family violence in terms of sex role or gender norms, i.e., differential expectations for values, attitudes and behaviours as a function of ones gender. These norms serve as important standards against which women and men are evaluated through application of various sanctions (Schur, 1984). According to the prevalent sex role norms, a husband expects a good wife to behave in a certain manner. She has to run the household smoothly, ensure childrens well-mannered behaviour, avoid assertiveness and remain submissive to elders in family. Any show of independence on her part would violate sex role expectations for female behaviour. According to deviance theory, norm violations tend to trigger forces aimed at making the violator conform to expected standards of behaviour. Thus, when women do not behave like the males ideal of wife, husbands use violence against them to make them conform to norms.  [5]   Social Learning Theory Social learning theory while still concentrating on individual perpetrators, introduces a social element by attempting to explain mens violence towards women as learned behaviour. This phenomenon is seriously referred to as intergenerational transmission of violence. What it purports to demonstrate is that those who witness violence between their parent, or who themselves experience abuse as children are likely to resort to violence in adulthood.  [6]   This theory asserts that human aggression and violence are learned conduct, especially through direct experience and by observing the behaviour of others. According to this theory (Albert Bandura, Aggression: A Social Learning Analysis, 1973) the individual learns violence through imitation. Individuals pick up the behaviour patterns of those they are taught to respect and learn from. Whether observed in the flesh or via visual media, the behaviour of aggressive models is readily imitated by individuals. Aggressive behaviour patterns learned through modelling and imitation remain part of our repertoire of social responses over time. Rewards and punishments also play a crucial role in the learning and expression of behaviour patterns. One might think that physical aggression directed against ones fellows could hardly have any rewards, actual or anticipated. But it is not so. Violence offers abundant rewards and one learns it very early in life. This theory explains both the variations of persons and situations in their tendency to respond aggressively by reference to prior experience, reinforcement patterns, and cognitive processes. Steele and Pollock (1974) and Bennie and Sclare (1969) have maintained that abusive male adults are likely to have been raised in abusive homes. In fact, this family determinism approach maintains that all victims of childhood violence will grow up to be violent adults.  [7]   Criticism Such and Flit craft reject the notion that violence is transmitted from one generation to the next; they argue that the studies which claim to show this are methodologically flawed and base their conclusions on inadequate evidence and unsound interpretation. Widom points to methodological weaknesses in the research, including in retrospective nature and the lack of an adequate control group. Dr. Ram Ahuja applied this theory in studying a wife-batterers history of abuse as a child and found that about half of the batterers (55%) had faced conditions of manifest physical brutality or severe emotional rejection in their childhood. The data thus supported the social learning theory. Yet, violence which is the result of victims provocation or victims complicity, etc., cannot be explained on the basis of this simple theory. Cognitive Behaviour Theory The cognitive behaviour theory postulates that men batter because: They are imitating examples of abuse they have witnessed during childhood or in the media, abuse is rewarded, it enables the batterer to get what he wants, and abuse is reinforced through victim compliance and submission. This theory is same as social learning theory. Advantage and Criticism of the Cognitive Behaviour models One advantage of the cognitive behavioural model is that its analysis of battering and its intervention strategy are compatible with a criminal justice response to domestic violence. The approach holds the batterer fully responsible for his violence and fully responsible for learning and adopting nonviolent alternatives. Without trying to solve larger issues of social inequality on the one hand, or delving into deep-seated psychological issues on the other, the cognitive behavioural approach simply focuses on the violent acts themselves and attempts to change them. The feminist perspective criticises the cognitive behavioural approach for failing to explain why many men with thought patterns or skills deficits that allegedly explain their domestic violence are not violent in other relationships, how culture or sub-cultures influence patterns of violence, and why some men continue to abuse women even when the behaviour is not rewarded.  [8]   Exchange Theory Rechard J. Gelles feels that the Exchange Theory is the best theory of violence because it integrates the elements of the diverse theories of human violence. According to the Exchange Theory, interaction is guided by the pursuit of rewards and the avoidance of punishment and costs. In addition, an individual who supplies reward services to another obliges him to fulfil an obligation and thus the second individual must furnish benefits to the first. The exchange does not pertain to concrete or tangible things; rather, it involves intangibles such as esteem, liking, assistance and approval. If reciprocal exchange of rewards occurs, the interaction will continue, but if reciprocity is not received, the interaction will be broken off. Thus, actors expect rewards to be proportional to the investments (distributive justice). The costs and rewards are judged in the light of alternatives.  [9]   This theory explains the growth of resentment, anger, hostility and violence when the principle of distributive justice is violated. In applying the principles of the Exchange Theory to explain violence in a family (in our case wife beating, dowry death and rape by a family member), we expect that people will use violence in a family if the costs of being violent do not out-weigh the rewards. Goode suggests that force is used more by those in the poorer classes partly because they have less alternative resources and partly because their socialization experiences teach them to depend more on force. However, all researchers do not agree that the poor classes do use more force, though statistics show more violence in poor classes are there because of the fact that greater proportion of the population belongs to lower classes or it may be that middle classes have more resources or have greater motivation to hide their offences. Criticism Intra-family relations are more complex than those studied by Exchange Theorists. A wife cannot break-off interaction with her husband and parents cannot break-off interaction with their children, even if there is no reciprocity. Goode (1971) however, believes that violence is used as a last resort to solve problems in the family. But Nye (1979) does not accept Goodes viewpoint. In applying this theory to intra-family violence, we find some costs for being violent. First, there could be the chance of the victim hitting back; second, a violent assault could lead to an arrest and/or imprisonment; and finally, using violence could lead to loss of status. Thus, since the cost greater than the reward, how does the reward, how does the Exchange Theory explain violence against women?

Realism in Oedipus the King Essay -- Oedipus the King Oedipus Rex

Realism in Oedipus Rex  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   This essay will examine a feature of Sophocles’ tragedy which causes the reader to doubt the realism underlying the literary work. Specifically, the essay will consider the feasability of the belief at that time – that the Delphi oracle possessed credibility with the people.    At the outset of the drama the priest of Zeus and the crowd of citizens of Thebes are gathered before the royal palace of Thebes talking to King Oedipus about the plague which is ravaging the city. The king is sorely troubled and laments the sad situation. Then he says:    I have sent Menoeceus' son, Creon, my consort's brother, to inquire Of Pythian Phoebus at his Delphic shrine, How I might save the State by act or word. And now I reckon up the tale of days Since he set forth, and marvel how he fares. 'Tis strange, this endless tarrying, passing strange. But when he comes, then I were base indeed, If I perform not all the god declares.    From this passage it would appear that the king has full faith in the awaited advice from the oracle at Delphi. Is this notion historicaly accurate? Did Sophocles’ contmeporaries actually put such trust in their pagan gods and goddesses? As Brian Wilkie and James Hurt state in â€Å"Sophocles†: â€Å"Humanity in his plays is an integral part of a world-order that can be only partially understood at best. The cosmic system includes, besides human beings and nature, those darkly inscrutable forces identified – inadequately – as the gods and fate† (718). When Creon returns, he gives his report publicly:    CREON Let me report then all the god declared. King Phoebus bids us straitly extirpate A fell pollution that ... ...74). Cypselus consulted the oracle, and on the basis of its answer, set to work to make himself master of Corinth (376)which he ruled for many years.    Thus we have seen that Sophocles is not being imaginative when he bases the action of the tragedy Oedipus Rex upon the words of the oracle at Delphi. It is wholly consistent with historical data available from that time period of the fifth century BC.    WORKS CITED    Herodotus.   The Histories. Translated by Aubrey de Selincourt. England: Penguin Books, 1972.    â€Å"Sophocles† In Literature of the Western World, edited by Brian Wilkie and James Hurt. NewYork: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1984.    Sophocles. Oedipus Rex. Transl. by F. Storr. http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/browse-mixed new?tag=public&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/parsed&part=0&id=SopOedipus   

Diary of Lady Murasaki Response Questions

Diary of Lady Murasaki Response Questions 1. Drawing evidence from the text, describe Lady Murasaki. Who is she? What is important to her? How important is she politically? Why do you think she keeps her diary? What are her frustrations with life at court? How typical/atypical is she as a woman in Heian Japan? Lady Murasaki was a Japanese poet at the Imperial court and served under Empress Shoshi. She writes this diary during her experiences at court and she finds the life of a lady-in-waiting, or a servant that has social certainty, and the events that are unfolded in court are important. She describes in her diary how she feels helpless at court and she is unhappy with her low rank in society compared to others in the Fujiwara clan which frustrates her, but makes her more inclined to write about it and keep a diary. She is a pretty typical woman in Heian Japan, but she often writes about how the other court women were less educated than her and that she was stronger-willed. 2. What does the text reveal about the political world of Heian Japan? What is the role of the emperor? What is the role of the regent? Which is more ‘important’? How do people gain and maintain political power? What happens to those who lose political power? During the Heian period of Japan the land was controlled by family clans and whoever was the most powerful family held the most importance. Within the family there is also ranks of political power branching down from the Emperor and Empress, but most of the other ranks are all related to each other through the family clan. The Emperor is the head of the family clan is said to be in that position by a heavenly right, while a regent is more of a governor addressing political issues. Both are important, but while the Emperor is the symbol of the people and their unity, the regent sparingly makes the differences in how the people get to live. 3. What does the text reveal about the roles of men in Heian Japan? How are they identified? What is their role in the family, in politics, in religion, in military? How much power and what type of power do men have? What do you find surprising about what is considered important/unimportant for men during Heian Japan? Why? Men controlled the majority of society as like any culture during this time period. The military was solely inhabited by men as was the political power, but women were allowed to be present in court and other social events. They had a good education and if they were in a political position they learned Chinese because it was used for legal documents and record keeping. 4. What does the text reveal about the roles of women in Heian Japan? How are they identified? What is their role in the family, in politics, in religion? How much and what type of power do women have? What do you find surprising about what is considered important/unimportant for women during Heian Japan? Why? Women during this time were surprisingly better off than in other centuries. They were excluded from public affairs, but involved in court as we can see in the diary. They were also educated and involved with events around the palace such as ceremonies, weddings, and poetry reciting. Women had to know how to dress correctly, but once they did they were expected to learn to dress very formally and elegantly. 5. What does the text reveal about social classes and social mores in Heian Japan? What are the differences between the social classes? How does social class affect the way people live and the political power they wield? What are the social expectations for men and women? What is good behavior/what is bad behavior? Does any of this surprise you? Most of Japan’s social class was in agriculture and lived outside the city walls and never entered the palace. Within the palace there are a separate set of social classes. The Emperor and Empress will always sit at the top of the ladder, but amongst everyone else there are strict guidelines to follow. Passages in the diary describe the uses of colors in clothing and how some colors shouldn’t be worn by certain social classes. The diary also accounts hat giving presents alter throughout social class. Nobles get the best gift and then the different ranks of courtiers, first rank being the highest and sixth rank one of the lowest. What does the text reveal about religion in Heian Japan? What is the role of religion? What type of religion do you see represented? What are the religious concerns of Lady Murasaki? What do her religious concerns reveal about life in Heian Japan? The religion of Shintoism can be seen with the heavenly right for the Emperor to rule over the people within his family clan name and to protect the imperial family. During the birth of Fujiwara no Michinaga, towards the beginning, Murasaki writes about the Buddhist priests coming and performing exorcisms and warding off evil. Lady Murasaki later writes that she â€Å"immerses [herself] in reading sutras for Amida Buddha†, which shows what kind of religious practices she participates in. All of these religions being present throughout the diary tells that religion is at a point of uncertainty in Heian Japan and there are many influences that come with them.

Food Of Mexico Essays - Mexican Cuisine, Latin American Cuisine

Food Of Mexico Essays - Mexican Cuisine, Latin American Cuisine Food Of Mexico The Wonderful Food of Mexico! Food is probably the most important element of Mexican culture. Much of the daily routine and tradition in Mexico revolves around the ritual of preparing and eating food. In history, women made their way to the local markets to fill their basket with vegetables, fruits, meat, and fish. Once collecting them the women would return home to begin grinding the corn and flour to make fresh tortillas for the afternoon meal. Mexican food is rich in color and flavor. The richness of their cuisine comes from their concern for the sensory experience of eating. It is often said that cuisine is culture, and to understand the development of Mexican cuisine it is important to know about the history of Mexico. In the pre-Colombian time corn was greatly used to make tortillas, tamales, or also made into flour. The diet of corn was placed with meats, vegetables, and many flavorful spices. However the countrys cuisine changed dramatically with influences brought by the Spanish. They brought rice, olives, wines, spices from India, and beef along with many others. The traditional food was combined with the spanish influence. This was the result of the blending of the two different heritages. In the 19th century, Mexican women played a important role in the home. To be a good woman in Mexico is to have extensive knowledge and great skills in the culinary arts. A testament to them, has been a demand for their wonderful dishes around the world. Mexicans are very proud of their cuisine. It gives them a sense of unity and identity everywhere in the world.

The Rising Chinese Divorce Rate

The Rising Chinese Divorce Rate The rate of divorce for the Chinese is increasing at an alarming rate. An estimated 2.87 million Chinese marriages ended in divorce in 2012 alone, a number on the rise for the seventh year in a row as of that year. The upward trend has been the result of several factors, including Chinas famous one-child policy, new and easier divorce procedures, the growing population of white-collar females with high education and financial independence, and a general loosening of traditional conservative views (especially in urban areas). Comparing Chinas Divorce Rate With the World At first glance, Chinas national divorce rate doesnt seem worrisome at all. In fact, the United Nations Statistics Division reports that in 2007 only 1.6 out of 1000 marriages ended in divorce in China. However, in 1985, the divorce rate was a mere 0.4 out of 1000. By comparison, approximately 2.0 out of 1,000 marriages ended in divorce in Japan, while in Russia an average of 4.8 per 1,000 marriages ended in divorce in 2007. In 2008, the U.S. divorce rate was 5.2 per thousand, dramatically down from 7.9 in 1980. What is troublesome is the extremely rapid and seemingly exponential rise in divorce rates. To many, ​China appears to be on the brink of a social crisis in a society where divorce used to be an extreme rarity. The Me Generation Chinas famous one-child policy created a generation of sibling-less children. This policy is extremely controversial locally and worldwide and has been blamed for an increase in forced abortions, female infanticide, and a growing sex ratio imbalance. In addition to these serious concerns, the products of Chinas radical family planning policy (the post-1980s generation) is accused of being selfish, apathetic to the needs of others, and unwilling or incapable of compromise. All this is posited to be the result of growing up as a cherished and overly coddled only child without siblings to interact with. The combination of these personality traits in both spouses seems to be a major contributor to strife in many Chinese marriages. The post-1980s generation is also reportedly extremely impulsive. This impulsive attitude has been theorized to be one reason why Chinese couples today are falling in love very quickly, getting hastily married, and then filing for even hastier divorces. An increasing amount of couples get married and then divorced after only a few months, while in some extreme cases, couples are filing for divorce only a few hours after getting married. A Change in Procedure Others point fingers at a recent change in the divorce procedure as the culprit for the drastic rise in divorces. Originally, a couple seeking divorce was required to get a reference from either their employer or a community leader, a humiliating process that persuaded many to stay in a dead marriage. Now, this stipulation is no longer required and couples can quickly, easily, and privately file for divorce. Urban Social Change In large cities and other heavily urbanized areas, women have more opportunities than ever before. The standard of education of Chinese women has risen substantially, leading to more prospects for white-collar jobs and the ability to be financially independent. These young working women no longer need to depend on having a husband to support them, removing yet another barrier to getting a divorce. In fact, urban areas have the highest divorce rates in all of China. For example, in Beijing, 39 percent of marriages end in divorce, compared to the national rate of only 2.2 percent of marriages failing. Especially in urban areas, Chinese young adults are treating romantic relationships much more casually. For example, one-night stands are seen as more and more socially acceptable. Young couples are unafraid to fall hard and fast for each other, rushing into marriage with an almost whimsical attitude heavily laced with unrealistic expectations, leading to marital ​strife and possibly divorce. While Chinas divorce rate is still below those of many other countries, what is extremely disconcerting is the seemingly exponential rate at which the national divorce rate is growing. Many believe that divorce is becoming an epidemic in China.

Creating the Critical Path Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Creating the Critical Path - Assignment Example As per the planned activities of the project, there exist relationships between the activities include: start to start and end to start. Keeping in view these facts, the above given diagram shows activities having two colors including the blue and red. The activities in the blue color are non critical activities; however, the activities in red are critical. The combination of red activities which flow till end of the project develop the critical path meaning delaying one of the critical activities (red) can delay the completion of the project. From the above, the activities on the critical path include: six (6) to eleven (11), sixteen (16), seventeen (17) and twenty one (21) to twenty six (26). Therefore, the project manager along with the project team are required to concentrate on the critical activities, so that these activities complete as per the planned time and ultimately complete the project within time. However, on the other hand, the blue / non critical activities can be de layed to a certain point and this concept is known as the slack or float. And if the activity delays more than the slack or float, then this non critical activity becomes critical as well. For instance, the activity number eighteen (18) titled â€Å"Meetings’ can be delayed for eight (8) days, however, if the same activity delays for nine (9) or more days, then this activity becomes critical. ... And there are various factors which can result into the deviation from the critical path of the project. These factors include but are not limited to the following (Gardiner, 2005): i. Unrealistic schedule of the project activities (poor schedule planning), ii. The negative impact of the inter / external project risks, iii. Lacking Project Management skills iv. Allocation of inappropriate human and technical resources on the activities v. The communication gap between team members as well as the stakeholders (customer / client / vendor, etc.) vi. Unskilled team members Results of deviating from the critical path Precisely, a project can said to be a failure, if the project objectives are not achieved within the agreed deadline. It is pertinent to mention here that a delay in single critical activity leads to delay the whole project from the prescribed deadline. Therefore, one of the major results of deviating from the critical path is the delay in project completion date. However, th ere are certain other results include: an increase in the agreed cost / budget of the project, and the project would not to be said as a quality project. Simply, it can be stated that the following critical path is significant. And if by any means, the project team deviates from the critical path, the project management techniques should be utilized to bring the project again to the critical path (Meredith, and Mantel, 2008). Triple Constraint of a Project The triple constraint of a project includes: the time (deadline), cost (budget) and scope (user / client requirements). A project can be a failure if one of the triple constraints (schedule, cost and scope) is not met by the project. The quality of a project is based on the completion of the project within the triple constraints i-e

Value Creation In E-business in Xtra Company Case Study

Value Creation In E-business in Xtra Company - Case Study Example This is the project plan. The motivation for adopting IS Development is the improvement of efficiency, protecting market share, assisting in innovative activities, and increasing, productivity and profitability. (Wang et al, 2004; Pateli & Giagles, 2004). What the company is selling is a novelty item that catches the attention of Hollywood fans and moviegoers. What they only have to do is to be able to reach a wider market based and the moment that they can establish a wide market, they have to come up new means of reaching it. And the way to reach it is via eBusiness. The transition to eBusiness requires two important aspects of the internal aspect and the external aspect. In the internal aspect what is necessary are the following: effective individual, effective team and an effective organization. In the external aspect what is needed include the basic website, interactive website and e-commerce. These two aspects should converge for the plan to work (Arunatelika & Gigi, nd). Furthermore, of primary importance is the satisfaction of the customers.customers have greatly appreciated the personalized services that they have been receiving in the virtual market (Dubosson-Torbay et al, 2001). And Xtra Company cannot deviate from this trend, this current value creation in e-business (Ahmet & Zott, 2001). With all the important points laid down, the plan is simple, they are going to use the internet to sell their products. As such, they have to create the IT structure, the creation of an interactive website and e-commerce should be undertaken. But it is not only that, they should have good collaboration links with the suppliers, links with the distributor and definitely a good interactive website that can be accessed 24/7. Aside from that, they should have a strong IT infrastructure, Business systems, IT policies, IT security measures and IT maintenance. Likewise, they also have to establish a strong and effective organization who are made up of people who are h ighly motivated, of a team that shares the vision, goals and values of the company.  Ã‚